英语词类(配合练习题)

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词类英语中的单词可以分为十大词类:1名词n.teacher,book等。2代词pron.we,me,he等。3数词num.two,fifth等。4动词v.work,study,live等。5形容词adj.good,big,beautiful等。6副词adv.fast,quickly等。7冠词art.a,an,the等。8介词prep.in,on,by,with等。9连词conj.and,but等。10感叹词interj.Oh,ah等。名词表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。(一)分类专有名词:MaryBeijngChina普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词:bookpenman集体名词:familypolice物质名词:waterairoil抽象名词:happinesssadnessWords:noun1)专有名词:表示特定的个人、地方、机构、组织、节目等名词,一般第一个字母要大写。MarkTwain,London,Beijing,CCTV,Monday,theWTO,NewYear’sDayWords:noun2)普通名词:表示一类人或物的名词(个体名词,可数),或表某种物质的名词(物质名词,一般为不可数)。个体名词:chair,boy,night,book,desk,car,computer,doctor,teacher,bird,tiger物质名词:water,milk,tea,coffee,beer,air,smoke,wind,rain,rice,bread,pork,beef,cotton,plastic,wood,gold,glass(玻璃),cloth,money,baggage,luggage,equipment,furnitureWords:noun3)抽象名词:表示人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念以及学科、疾病等名词。joy,happiness,fear,surprise,hunger,anger,beauty,power,kindness,chemistry,success,failure,work,love,courage,hope,honesty,silence,informationWords:noun4)集体名词:表示若干个个体组合而成的集合体的名词。(本身为复数形式,不加-s,特殊的例外)crowd,team,army,family,police,peoplePeopleinthesouthofEnglandspeakinadifferentwayfrompeopleinthenorth.Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Words:noun(二)名词的数1、可数名词(countablenoun)可以用数来计算的名词叫可数名词,一般有单数和复数两种形式。⑴规则变化:A:一般直接在名词后加“-s”:girls,warsB:以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的加“-es”:buses,boxes,inchesC:以-o结尾的,加“-es”或“-s”:-es:heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes-s:bamboos,radios,zoosD:以-f或-fe结尾的变f或fe为v再加“-es”:leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,shelf—shelves,knife—knives但是:belief---beliefsroof---roofsE:以辅音字母加-y结尾的,边y为i再加“-es”。party—parties,factory—factories,family—families对比:plays,boys,guys,toys名词复数的不规则变化1)child---childrenfoot---feetman---mentooth--teethmouse--micewoman—women2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:people,police,cattle等本身就是复数4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics学科名词,news等;Words:noun⑶合成名词的复数形式:A:将中心词变成复数:grandchild——grandchildrenlooker-on——lookers-onson-in-law——sons-in-lawpasser-by——passers-byB:如果没有主体名词,就在最后一个词尾加复数:grown-up———grown-upsC:由man/woman作前置定语,则定语和被修饰词都变为复数mendoctorswomenteachersWords:noun2、不可数名词(uncountablenoun)一般无法用数目来计算的名词叫不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,也不能用不定冠词a(an)或数词修饰。⑴可借助量词来表示不可数名词的量:apieceofnewstwopiecesofnewsacupofteathreecupsofteaaglassofwaterfourglassesofwater⑵有些不可数名词加-s后,意思有所不同:air空气→airs神气good好处→goods货物work工作→works著作custom风俗习惯→customs海关Words:noun⑶有些名词既是可数名词也是不可数名词但意义不同:aroom一个房间room空间achicken一只小鸡chicken鸡肉aglass一个玻璃杯glass玻璃apairofglasses一副眼镜Words:noun(三)名词所有格表示所有关系、所属关系等。1.有生命的名词,一般在其后加-’s(1)一般直接在名词后加-’stheman’swifeHemingway’snovel(2)以“s”结尾的名词,只加’theboy’smother这个男孩的母亲theboys’mother这些男孩的母亲2.of+n主要用于无生命的名词amapofChinathewindowoftheroomthecoverofthebook练一练:问题1:---Howmanydoesacowhave?---Four.A.stomachesB.stomachC.stomachsD.stomachies以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词变复数时加–es;但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时,只加–s。问题2:The______ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof______.A.roofs;leavesB.rooves;leafsC.roof;leafD.roofs;leafs以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:serf---serfsbelief---beliefsroof---roofschief---chiefssafe---safesgulf---gulfs;b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieves问题3:Whenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthree______missing.A.sheepsB.sheepesC.sheepD.sheepies当sheep;deer;fish表示数量时,单复数同形;如果表示不同种类,则需加–s或–es。单复数同形的名词有:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swissworks,means,head问题4:Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A.GermanB.GermenC.GermansD.Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况:1、单复数同形:Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形:English-Englishman3、加–s或-es:German–Germans详见下表。问题5:_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用,常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如:---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’sBThePalmers’CThePalmersDThePalmer’s问题6:MrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A.brothers-in-lawB.brother-in-lawsC.brothers-in-lawsD.brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数,如:managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如:grown-ups。问题7:Hegainedhis_____byprinting_____offamouswriters.(NMET95)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中wealth为不可数名词,works作“作品”解,属单复数同形的可数名词。问题8:Canyougiveussome______aboutthewriter?A.informationsB.informationC.pieceofinformationsD.piecesinformation大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词,常见的有:information;news;advice;progress;fun……如:Thisisnotamatch.We’replayingchessfor_____.AhabitBhobbyCfunDgame(2001上海春季)问题9:Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(NMET96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledge有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词,用来表示某种特定的意义。aknowledgeof…表示“对……有所了解“。又如:Thismeetingisagreatsuccess.请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化:问题10:Thereareonlytwelve_____inthehospital.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorsC.womendoctorD.womandoctorman,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:amanworker→menworkersawomanteacher→womenteachersagentlemanofficial→gentlemenofficials冠词不使用冠词定冠词不定冠词aanthe零冠词冠词的分类在下列字母前加a/anabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzanaaaananaananaaananananaaananaaaaanaa在以下单词前加冠词Book,apple,honestman,hour,university不定冠词的用法a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前.an用在以元音音素开头的单词前.1.2.3.4.e.g.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