英语词类和句子成分请根据每组规律补充新词1.bookshoescatmotherhometownadvice…..2.Nicebeautifulstrongconfidentexcited…..3.Lookfeelcrymanagetryencourage….4.Soonagonowearlyfinally….5.Slowlywelleasilyreally6.Aboveaheadbelow….7.Verymuchso….8.Alwayssometimesfrequently…..一、概述•高等学校英语应用能力考试A级第二部分语法结构在第二节有填词题,其比例为25%~30%。测试范围限于基本要求中的词汇表,测试考生运用词法和词性(词形变化)的能力。词形变化主要是指动词、名词、形容词和副词和四大类实词之间的变化。•题干会给出词的原形或根,要求考生根据句子的含义及构词方法填入正确的词形。所以考生必须掌握一些基本的词性知识和构词法知识。各类词在句子中的作用:其在句子中充当的成分主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补足语同位语名词******动词*形容词***副词****英语句子成分(一)主语主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。(1)Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(名词作主语)(2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(代词作主语)(3)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(动名词作主语)(4)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.(不定式作主语)(5)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(主语从句作主语)英语句子成分(二)谓语说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。Hisparentsareteachers.(系动词和表语一起作谓语)Westudyhard.(行为动词作谓语)Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.(助动词和行为动词共作谓语)HecanspeakEnglish.(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)英语句子成分三、宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.(名词作宾语)Shesays(that)sheisill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)Weoftenhelphim.(代词作宾语)Helikestoplaybasketball.(不定式作宾语)Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)英语句子成分说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。2.介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。•Iaminterestedinmusic.3名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。4另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;•Iwanttogohomenow.5动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。•Shehasfinishedreadingthebook.•Weknowthattheroadtohomeisnevertoolong.英语句子成分说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。•不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show(给……看),bring,pass,buy等。如:(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(2)Thesungivesuslight.•间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。英语句子成分•间接宾语前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等•间接宾语加“for”的有:make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等(1)Igivehimabook.改成:(2)Hepassesmethebook.改成:(3)Hewritesmealetter.改成:(4)Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成:(5)Sheismakingmeacake.改成:英语句子成分(四)宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。Theymakeherhappy.(形容词)Isawherdancethatday.(不定式We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.(名词)Pleaselethimin.(副词)Weheardhersingingasong.(分词短语)英语句子成分(五)表语•表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,•由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。•它的位置在系动词后面。Iamateacher.(名词)Heisalwayshappy.(形容词)weareveryexcitedtoday.Theyareontheplaygroundnow.(介词短语)Itgetscold.(形容词)Sheisoutsidenow.(介词)英语句子成分•系动词•表保持(keep,stay,remain)•表改变(get,become,turn)•感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))•Itsoundsinteresting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)•Weshouldallremaincareful.(remain为系动词,careful为表语)英语句子成分(六)定语•定语是用来修饰名词或代词的.•形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。•单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。Theblackbikeismine.(形容词)What’syourname?(代词)Theymakepaperflowers.(名词)英语句子成分•说明1:•当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时,定语在不定代词后面。如:•Itellhimsomethinginteresting.(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)•Hehassomethingtodo.(todo为不定式作后置定语)英语句子成分说明2:•短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。如:•Thefoodinourschoolisverydelicious.(intheschool是介词短语作thefood的后置定语。)Theroadtohomeisnevertoolong.Doyouknowthekeyofsuccess?(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意.一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。Hediditcarefully.(副词)Weoftenhelphim.(副词)HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.(介词短语)WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(从句作时间状语)Hesatthere.(副词地点状语)Don’tstandbythewindow.Iusuallyhaveawalkwithmydogintheparkafterdinner.英语句子成分•练习:•(一)挑出下列句中的宾语•①Mybrotherdoesn‘tdohishomework.ABCD②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABCD③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCD•④Howmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCD⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming•AB,howaboutyou?CD英语句子成分•(二)挑出下列句中的表语•①Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABCD②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCD③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCD④SoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinthesubject.ABCD⑤Sheisthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD英语句子成分•(三)挑出下列句中的定语•①TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.ABCD•②Whatisyourgivenname?ABCD•③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCD④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABCD⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD英语句子成分(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①ShelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksABCinthereading-room.D②Heaskshertotaketheboyoutofschool.ABCD•③Shefinditdifficulttodothework.ABCD•④TheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCD⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.ABCD英语句子成分•(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCD②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.ABCD③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABCD④Themanonthemotorbikeistravellingsofast.ABCD⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.ABCD英语句子成分(六)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语•①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Doesheleaveanymessageforme?