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WHOInternatIOnalStandardtermInOlOgIeSOntradItIOnalmedIcIneIntHeWeSternPacIfIcregIOnWHOLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataWHOInternationalStandardterminologiesontraditionalmedicineintheWesternPacificregion1.Medicine,Traditional.2.TerminologyISBN9789290612487(NLMClassification:WB50)©WorldHealthOrganization(2007)PublicationsoftheWorldHealthOrganizationenjoycopyrightprotectioninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofProtocol2oftheUniversalCopyrightConvention.ForrightsofreproductionortranslationofWHOpublications,inpartorintoto,applicationshouldbemadetotheOfficeofPublications,WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,Switzerland,ortotheRegionalOfficefortheWesternPacific,Manila,Philippines.TheWorldHealthOrganizationwelcomessuchapplications.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheWorldHealthOrganizationconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorofcertainmanufacturers’productsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Errorsandommissionsexcepted,thenamesofproprietaryproductsaredistinguishedbyinitialcapitalletters.Theauthorsaloneareresponsiblefortheviewsexpressedinthispublication.FOREWORDvACKNOWLEDGEMENTSviiINTRODUCTION1GENERAL9BASICTHEORIES13EssentialQiTheory,Yin-yangTheory,andFivePhaseTheory13Essence,Spirit,Qi,Blood,FluidandHumor17VisceraandBowels21MeridianandCollateral28BodyConstituentsandOrificesofSenseOrgan35CauseofDisease39MechanismofDisease46Others76DIAGNOSTICS79Inspection80ListeningandSmellingExamination87Inquiry88Palpation100EightPrinciplePatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation106DiseaseCausePatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation116Qi-BloodPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation124Fluid-HumorPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation129VisceralPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation130VariousPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation146Six-MeridianPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation152Defense,Qi,NutrientandBloodPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation156TripleEnergizerPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation160taBleOfcOntentSDISEASE162InternalMedicine162ExternalMedicine177GynecologyandObstetrics184Pediatrics189Ophthalmology194Otorhinolaryngostomatology198OrthopedicsandTraumatology202Others202THERAPEUTICS204MethodofTreatment205ACUPUNCTUREANDMOXIBUSTION233Acupuncture233Moxibustion251Cupping254MEDICINALTREATMENT255Medicinal255Formula264CLASSICSOFTRADITIONALMEDICINE271InternalClassic271ColdDamageandGoldenChamber271Diagnostics272Warm(Pathogen)Disease272MateriaMedica273Prescriptions/Formularies274AcupunctureandMoxibustion276Miscellaneous277REFERENCES283INDEX285ANNEX349vTraditionalmedicinehasbeenpractisedforthousandsofyears.ItwastheonlyavailablemethodofhealthcareinthispartoftheworldbeforewesternmodernmedicinewasintroducedtoourRegion.Evenaftertheadventofmodernmedicine,traditionalmedicineplaysanimportantroleinmanycountries.SincetheDeclarationofAlma-Atamentionedtheroleoftraditionalpractitionersintheprimaryhealthcarein1978,WHOstartedtopayattentiontotraditionalmedicine.Almostthreedecadeslater,intheFifty-ninthWorldHealthAssemblyinGenevain2006,the192MemberStateswereencouragedtointegratetraditionalmedicineintotheirpublichealthsystemsandtopromoteharmonizationwithwesternmodernmedicine.Itshowshowtraditionalmedicinehasrapidlyandintensivelystrivedandinnovatedinrecentdecades.Inmanyways,theWHOWesternPacificRegionisplayingaleadingroleinpromotingtheappropriateuseoftraditionalmedicinewithintheOrganization.Themainthemeofourtraditionalmedicineprogrammeis“standardizationwithevidence-basedapproaches”.Inthiscontext,standardizationofsuchareasoftraditionalmedicineasterminology,acupuncturepointlocations,herbalmedicine,research,clinicalpracticeandinformationisongoing.Scienceandcivilizationhavedevelopedbecauseoflanguage.Likewise,traditionalmedicinehasbeendevelopingforthousandsofyearswithitsownsetofterms.However,historicalconditionshavebroughtaboutvariousexpressionsintraditionalmedicine.Itssubjectivefeatureshaveevenintensifieditsdiversities.Althoughtraditionalmedicinecanbedefinedwithindigenouscharacters,itsterminologyshouldbestandardizedformodernusage.Internationalstandardterminologywillgreatlyexpeditescientificcommunicationsintraditionalmedicinesocieties.Itistheveryfirststeptowardstheglobalizationoftraditionalmedicine.TheWHORegionalOfficefortheWesternPacifichasconvenedthreemeetingsfordevelopinginternationalstandardterminologyontraditionalmedicineinBeijing,ChinainOctober2004;Tokyo,JapaninJune2005;andDaegu,RepublicofKoreainOctober2005andgainedsuccessfuloutcomesasshowninthismonograph.Iwouldliketoexpress,onbehalfoftheWorldHealthOrganization,oursinceregratitudetothoseexpertsandinstitutesparticipatingandsupportingdevelopmentoftheWHOInternationalStandardTerminologiesonTraditionalMedicineintheWesternPacificRegion.Itis