9.1 Translating the foreign the (in)visibility of

Chapter9Translatingtheforeign:the(in)visibilityoftranslationWangTingtingMaincontents:9.1Venuti:theculturalandpoliticalagendaoftranslation9.2Literarytranslators'accountsoftheirwork9.3Thepowernetworkofthepublishingindustry9.4DiscussionofVenuti'swork9.5ThereceptionandreviewingoftranslationsVenuti;theculturalandpoliticalagendaoftranslationDomesticationandforeignizationAntoineBerman;the'negativeanalytic'oftranslationthe'invisibility'ofthetranslatorMainpointsin9.1:theculturalandpoliticalagendaoftranslationVenutiinsiststhatthescopeoftranslationstudiesneedstobebroadenedtotakeaccountofthevalue-drivennatureofthesocioculturalframework.ThushecontestsToury's'scientific'descriptivemodelwithitsaimofproducing'value-free'normsandlawsoftranslation.图里的方法……从评估数据到分析规范，仍需借助文化理论。规范可能是语言或文字层面的，但也会包括多样的价值观、信仰即社会表现方式。这些都受到意识形态的影响，代表着特定团体的各种利益，为生产译文的社会机构的文化及政治目的服务。（Venuti）theculturalandpoliticalagendaoftranslationInadditiontogovernmentsandotherpoliticallymotivatedinstructions,whichmaydecidetocensororpromotecertainworks,thegroupsandsocialinstitutionstowhichVenutireferswouldincludethevariousplayersinthepublishingindustryasawhole.Thereviewers'commentsindicateandtosomeextentdeterminehowtranslationsarereadandreceivedinthetargetculture.Eachoftheseplayershasaparticularpositionandrolewithinthedominantculturalandpoliticalagendasoftheirtimeandplace.Thetranslatorsthemselvesarepartofthatculture,whichtheycaneitheracceptorrebelagainst.Venutiandthe'invisibility'ofthetranslatorInvisibilityisatermusedbyVenuti'todescibethetranslator'ssituationandactivityincontemporaryAnglo-Americanculture'1.bythewaytranslatorsthemselvestendtotranslate'fluently'intoEnglish,toproduceanidiomaticand'readable'TT,thuscreatingan'illusionoftransparency';译者本人倾向于将译文译成“流畅”地道“可读”的英语，从而造就成一种“透明的幻觉”；2.bythewaythetranslatedtextsaretypicallyreadinthetargetculture.Venutiandthe'invisibility'ofthetranslatorAtranslatedtext,whetherproseorpoetry,fictionornon-fiction,isjudgedacceptablebymostpublishers,reviewersandreaderswhenifreadsfluently,whentheabsenceofanylinguisticorstylisticpeculiaritiesmakesitseemtransparent,givingtheappearencethatitreflectstheforeigntext-theappearance,inotherwords,thattranslationisnotinfactatranslation,butthe'original'.译作——无论是散文、诗歌、小说还是其他文体，只要读起来流畅，在语言或风格上清晰，能够反映外国作家的人格、意图或者外语文本的基本意义——亦即，译文看上去根本不是译文，而是“原创文本”，那么它就会受到多数出版商、评论者和读者的青睐。DomesticationandforeignizationForeignization'entailschoosingaforeigntextanddevelopingatranslationmethodalonglineswhichareexcludedbydominantculturalvaluesinthetargetlanguage'Venutibemoansthephenomenonofdomesticationsinceitinvolves'anethnocentricreductionoftheforeigntextto[Anglo-American]target-languageculturalvalues'.Thisentailstranslatinginatransparent,fluent,'invisible'styleinordertominimizetheforeignnessoftheTT.Venuticonsiderstheforeignizingmethodtobe'anethnodeviantpressureon[targetlanguageculture]valuestoregisterthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad'.DomesticationandforeignizationTheforeignizingmethodoftranslating,astrategyVenutialsoterms'resistancy'(暴力)，isanon-fluentorestrangingtranslationstyledesignedtomakevisiblethepresenceofthetranslatorsbyhighlightingtheforeignidentityoftheSTandprotectingitfromtheideologicaldominaceofthetargetculture.InhislaterbookTheScandalsoftranslation,Venuticontinustoinsistonforeignizingor,ashealsocallsit'minoritizing'(少数化)translation,tocultivateavariedand'heterogeneousdiscourse(异构的话语)'AntoineBerman:the'negativeanalytic'oftranslationBerman'smajortheoreticalworkL'epreuvedel'etranger:cultureettraductiondansl'Allemantique,translatedintoEnglishasTheExperienceoftheFoerign:CultureandTranslationinRomanticGermanyVenutihasproducedanEnglishtranslationofanimportantarticalbyBerman.ThisarticleLatraductioncommeepreuvedel'etranger',isentitled'Translationandthetrialsoftheforeign'inEnglish.AntoineBerman:the'negativeanalytic'oftranslationBermandescibesitintwosenses:1.atrialfortargetcultureinexperencingthestrangenessoftheforeigntextandword;目标与文化遭遇外语文本与陌生化词汇的经历2.atrialfortheforeigntextinbeinguprootedfromitsoriginallanguagecontext.外语文本脱离源语语境的经历。Bermanidentifiestwelve'deformingtendencies'Bermanconsidersthatthereisgenerallya'systemoftextualdeformation'inTTsthatpreventstheforeigncomingthrough.Hisexaminationoftheformsofdeformationistermed'negativeanalytic':Thenegativeanalyticisprimaralyconcernedwithethnocentric,annexationisttranslationsandhypertextualtranslations(pastiche,imitation,adatption,freewriting),wheretheplayofdeformingforcesisfreelyexercised.(Berman)否定分析主要关心的是民族中心主义的翻译、兼并主义的翻译、超文本的翻译（混合、模仿、改编及自由写作），在这些翻译中，变形势力的影响随处可见。Bermanidentifiestwelve'deformingtendencies'Hismainattentioniscentredonthetranslationoffiction:Theprincipleproblemoftranslatingthenovelistorespectitsshapelesspolylogicandavoidanarbitraryhomogenization.(Berman)翻译小说的主要问题是尊重其无形的多元逻辑及避免武断的同质化。Bermanidentifiestwelve'deformingtendencies'1Rationalization（理性化）:Thismainlyaffectssyntacticstructuresincludingpunctuationandsentencestructureandorder.2Clarification(澄清):Thisincludesexplicitation,whichaimstorenderclearwhatdoesnotwishtobecle