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Unit1--SirArthurHelpsAbouttheauthor••在全球化的今天,不同文明实体甚至敌对的文明实体,如果不想同归于尽的话,首先要学习相处的艺术、相处的智慧和相处的态度.儒家己立立人的忠恕之道、和而不同的处世方式、道并行不相悖的宽容态度、仁民爱物的情怀、天下一家意识等等,都是相处之道、相处的智慧。开发并张显这种智慧对于化解全球性部族对抗、文化危机、宗教冲突将大有裨益。TheIliad(Greek:Ἰλιάς[iliás](Ancient),Ιλιάδα[ili'aða](Modern))is,togetherwiththeOdyssey,oneoftwoancientGreekepicpoemstraditionallyattributedtoHomer.However,theclaimofasingleauthorisdisputed,asthepoemsshowevidenceofalongoraltraditionandhence,possiblemultipleauthors.ManyscholarsbelievethepoemtobetheoldestextantworkofliteratureintheancientGreeklanguage.Formostofthe20thcentury,boththeIliadandtheOdysseyhavebeencommonlydatedtothelate9thor8thcenturyBC.Moststillholdthisview,notablyBarryB.Powell(whohasproposedalinkbetweenthewritingoftheIliadandtheinventionoftheGreekalphabet),G.S.Kirk,andRichardJanko.Howeverafewothers,suchasMartinWestandRichardSeaford,nowpreferadateinthe7thoreventhe6thcenturyBC.•ThepoemconcernseventsduringthetenthandfinalyearoftheTrojanWar,thesiegeofthecityofIlionorTroy,bytheGreeks.TheplotcentersontheGreekwarriorAchillesandhisangertowardthekingofMycenae,Agamemnon,whichprovesdisastrousfortheGreeks.ItprovidesmanyoftheeventsthatthelaterpoemsoftheEpicCyclebuildon,includingthedeathoftheTrojancaptainHector.•Writtenindactylichexameter,theIliadcomprises15,693linesofverse.LaterancientGreeksdivideditintotwenty-fourbooksorscrolls,aconventionthathaslastedtothepresentdaywithlittlechange.•ThewordIliadmeanspertainingtoIlios(inLatin,Ilium),thecityproper,asopposedtoTroy(inGreek,Τροία,Troía;inLatin,Troia,Troiae,f.,inTurkishTruva),thestatecenteredaroundIlium.XenophonXenophonaccompaniedtheTenThousand,alargearmyofGreekmercenarieshiredbyCyrustheYounger,whointendedtoseizethethroneofPersiafromhisbrother,ArtaxerxesII.ThoughCyrus'armywasvictoriousatCunaxainBabylon(401BC),Cyrushimselfwaskilledinthebattle,renderingthevictoryirrelevantandtheexpeditionafailure.Strandeddeepinenemyterritory,theSpartangeneralClearchusandmostoftheotherGreekgeneralsweresubsequentlykilledorcapturedbytreacheryonthepartofthePersiansatrapTissaphernes.XenophonplayedaninstrumentalroleinencouragingtheGreekarmyof10,000tomarchnorthtotheBlackSea.NowabandonedinthemiddleofthehostileAnatolianplateau,withoutcommunicationsandsuppliesotherthanwhattheycouldobtainbyforceastheywent,the10,000hadtofighttheirwaynorthward,makingadhocdecisionsastotheirdestiny.UltimatelythismarchingrepublicmanagedtoreachtheshoresoftheBlackSea,adestinationtheygreetedwiththeirfamouscryofjoyousexultation.Detailedstudyofthetext•PartOneParas.1—2Stressingtheimportanceofordinarylife•TheIliadforwar;theOdysseyforwandering,butwhereisthegreatdomesticepic:•1）theIliadisagreatepicabouthumanbeings’bravedeedsinwars;theOdysseyisanepicdescribingtheGreekhero’sten-year-longhomeboundjourney;butitseemsthatthereisnoepictobefoundinhistoryportrayingordinaryhouseholdlife.•2)domesticepic:elevatedanddignifiedliteraryworksthatmarkordinaryhouseholdlifeYetitisbutcommonplacetosay,thatpassionsmayrageroundatea-table,whichwouldnothavemisbecomemendashingatoneanotherinwar-chariots;andevolutionsofpatienceandtemperareperformedatthefireside,worthytobecomparedwiththeRetreatoftheThousand—Passionsinhouseholdscenesareofequalintensitytothosewhichmaydrivementofightagainsteachotherinthebattlefield.Ordinaryfamilycanalsobeasgoodachancetoforgeone’ssoundpersonalityasthearduousprocessofretreattoXenophonandhistenthousandsoldiersinancientGreektimes..•evolutionofpatienceandtemperareperformedatthefireside—thegradualchangeorimprovementofpatienceandtempertakeplaceduringthepleasanthomelife.fireside:oftenthoughtofasrepresentingthepleasuresofhomelife.e.g.Let'snotgoouttonight.Whatweneedisaneveningbyourownfireside,justthetwoofus.咱们今晚不要出门吧。咱们需要的是就是咱俩在家舒舒服服地过一个晚上•Q:Frompara.1,wecanseethatSirArthurHelpsstressestheimportanceofordinarylife.Whatdoyouthinkishisintentionbydoingthis?Wordsandexpressionsinparas.1-2rage:beinarage;tospreadwithgreatforceorviolence发怒，（疫病）等肆虐，流行，（战争等）激烈进行e.g.•Thedisputeoverthebuildinganuclearpowerplantintheisleragedonforafewyears.•Lastyearbirdfluragedinmanydistrictsinthatcountry.misbecome:tobeunsuitableorinappropriatefor•e.g.ItmisbecomesyoutospeakillofyourfamilyPart2Paras.3—14Rulesforpeoplelivingpeacefullytogetherwitheachother.Paras.3—4•…ifpeoplearetolivehappilytogether,theymustnotfancy…that…,that…:thethree“that”clausesaretheobjectsofverbfancy,meaningtheymustnotbelievethat…,andthat….1）fancy＋thatcl.:tobelievewithoutbeingcertainRule1—correctunderstandingofandduerespecttothedifferencesbetweenhumanbeings•Q:Whydoestheauthorholdthebeliefthat‘athoroughconvictionofthedifferencesofmenisthegreatthingtobeassuredofinsocialknowledge?’Wordsandexpressionsinparas.3-4•conviction:firmandsincerebelief1）•fancy＋thatcl.:tobelievewithoutbeingcertain,•fancyoneself:(BrE.derog.)haveahighopinionofoneself自以为是•proceeding:action(usu.inpl.)•e.g.tostartlegalproceedingsagainstsb.对...提起诉讼,控告•Theyhadreportedtheevening‘swildproceedingsonTV.他们在电视上报道了晚上发生的粗野事件。Para.5Rule2—AvoidinghavingstocksubjectsofdisputationsWordsandexpressionsinPara.5(1)•