TCP／IP概述

2TCP/IPTCP/IP2.1TCP/IP(DARPAARPA)1983ARPANETComer[Comer1991ComerandStevens1994]Stevens[Stevens1994]2-1(protocollayer)(InternetProtocolIP)[Postel,1981b]IPIPIP2-1TCP/IP2.1.1IPIP(packet)TCP/IPTCPUDPIPICMP32IPFDDI(ATM)IP(virtualcircuit)IP(datagram)IP(hop)(TCP)IPIP2.21.IPIP322-1012-1()()A072416777214B10141665534C110218254D1110268435456E1111()B254IP(DomainNameSystem)IP14232IP2.IPIP2.2IPHousley,1993;Kent,1991()(mandatoryaccesscontrol)[Amoroso1994]UNIXVMLSFlinkandWeiss,1988,19892.1.2ARPIP32IP48IPIP(AddressResolutionProtocolARP)Plummer,1982ARPIPIPARPARPARPARP2.1.3TCP(TransportControlProtocolTCP)Postal1981c2TCP/IP15(sequencenumber)(2-2)TCP(portnumber)2-2TCPSYN()ACK()FIN()(server)TCP(listen)(IP)16(client)UNIXTCPUDP(root)1024(privilegedport)PCTCP()2-2()MorrisMorris,1985;Bellovin,1989IP(r)(sequencenumberattack)MorrisTCPBellovin,1989TCP2.1.4UDP(UserDatagramProtocolUDP)Postel1980IPUDPUDPUDP/TCP/UDPUDPTCP()UDPUDPTCPUDPUDP2TCP/IP172.1.5ICMP(InternetControlMessageProtocolICMP)Postel,1981aTCPUDPpingStevens,1990ICMPIP64ICMPICMPRedirect()DestinationUnreachable()ICMPDestinationUnreachableFOO.COMFOO.COMICMPICMPRedirectRedirect()ICMP2.2Roo'•tingVaucluseRou'•tingroutingrouting()OpenSystemsNetworkingTCP/IPandOSIDavidM.PiscitelloA.LymanChapinTCP/IP((asymmetricroute))IP(loosesourceroute)TCP18RFC1122Braden1989brlogindrshd(RoutingInformationProtocolRIP)[Hedrik1988]RIPRIP2.0Malkin1993(OpenShortestPathFirstOSPF)Moy19912.3(DomainNameSystemDNS)[Mockapetris,1987a,1987b;Lottor,1987;Stahl,1987]IP(DNSDNS(bird))DNSUDPTCPTCP(zonetransfer)DNS2-2DNSNINET.RESEARCH.ATT.COM192.20.225.3HINFOMX(inversequery)PTR3.225.20.192.IN-ADDR.ARPANINET.RESEARCH.ATT.COM2TCP/IP192-2DNSA(Address)NS(NameServer)SOA(StartOfAuthority)MX(MailExchange)*.ATT.COMMXHINFOCNAMEPTRIPrloginDNSIP(gethostbyaddr)DNSDNSDNSDNS[Gavron,1993]FOO.DEPT.BIG.EDUBAR.COM()BAR.COMBAR.COM.DEPT.BIG.EDUBAR.COM.BIG.EDUBAR.COM.EDUCOM.EDU.COM.DNSDNS20FOO.7ESS.ATT.COM7ESS.ATT.COM(AT&T7ESS)DNS2.42.4.1SMTP(SimpleMailTransportProtocolSMTP)[Postal,1982;Braden,1989a]SMTP7ASCII---220inet.att.comSMTP---HELOA.SOME.EDU---250inet.att.com---MAILFROM:[e-mail]---250OK---RCPTTO:[e-mail]---250OK---DATA---354Startmailinput;[e-mail]2721:00:05EST1994---From:[e-mail]---To:[e-mail]---Data:Thu,27Jan9421:00:05EST------MeetyouforlunchafterthemeetingwithSparkle.------Ferd---.------250OK....A.SOME.EDU!Ferd.Berflesent273bytestoresearch.att.com!mark.farkle---QUIT---221inet.att.comTerminatingA.SOME.EDUINET.ATT.COM2TCP/IP21MAILFROMSMTP(mailer)()SMTP(denial-of-service)5010001MBVRFYpostmasterVRFYrootfingerEXPNSMTPsendmail[Costales,1993]UNIXsendmailCroot[Spafford,1989a,1989b;EichinandRochlis,1989;RochlisandEichin,1989]Markoff1989SMTProotsendmail[Costales,1993][AvolioandVixie,1994]SVR4AT&Tupas[Presotto,1985]RFC822RFC1123[Crocker,1982;Braden,1989a]sendmailsendmailSMTProotSMTP[Carson,1993;AvolioandRanum,1994]sendmail()root/var/spool/mqueue/dev/kmem25intedsendmailsendmailbind22(MultipurposeInternetMailExtensionMIME)[BorensteinandFreed,1993]RFCContent-Type:Message/External-body;name=rfc1480.txt;site=ds.internic.net;access-type=anon-ftp;directory=rfcContent-Type:text/plainMIMERFCContent-Type:Message/External-body;name=rhosts;site=ftp.visigoth.org;access-type=anon-ftp;directory=Content-Type:text/plainMIME.rhostsRFCMIMEPostscriptMIMEMIMEX2.4.2telnettelnettelnetlogintelnettelnetBorman1993bSaffordetal.1993atelnettelnetA&M[Saffordetal.,1993b]2TCP/IP23(5)4telnetloginlogintelnet()132.4.3(NetworkTimeProtocolNTP)[Mills1992]NTPNTPNTP(10ms)NTPUNIXiNTPNTPBishop,1990NTP(hop-by-hop)NTP24CERTAdvisoryCA:94:01,199423()NTP2.4.4()fingerHarrenstien,1977whoisHarrenstienandWhite,1982finger7-1FarmerVenema[1993]fingerfinger()()fingerfinger()fingerfinger2-3whoisNIC.DDN.MILRS.INTERNIC.NETwhois2-3finger2.5RPC2.5.1RPCportmapperSun(RemoteProcedureCallRPC)[SunMicrosystems,1988,1990]RPC(stub)2TCP/IP25$[e-mail][research.att.com]ifyouwanttosendmailtosomeoneatAT&T,addressyourmailusingthefollowingformat:[e-mail]RPC(programnumber)(procedurenumber)RPCUNIX(user-id)(group-id)(NFSIP)UDPRPCRPCDES(DES[NBS,1997])RPC(sessionkey)(13)Diffie-Hellman([Diffie.Hellman1976]13)Sun[LaMacchiaandOdlyzko,1991]DESRPCNFStelnetFTP[Saffordetal.,1993a]X11LANOSF(DistributedComputingEnvironmentDCE)DECRPCKerberos[Rosenberryetal.,1992]DCERPCRPC()(eXternalDataRepresentationXDR)ASN.1ISO1987a1987bXDRNFSRPCportmapper()()portmapperRPCRPCportmapper(UDPTCP)RPCportmapperportmapper(2-4)(rpcinfo)262-4portmapper1024portmapperportmapperRPCportmapperportmapperportmapperportmapperportmapperRPCRPC-RPC2TCP/IP27programversprotoport1000002tcp111portmapper1000002udp111portmapper1000291udp659keyserv1000261udp729bootparam1000211tcp735nlockmgr1000211udp1029nlockmgr1000213tcp739nlockmgr1000213udp1030nlockmgr1000202udp1031llockmgr1000202tcp744llockmgr1000212tcp747nlockmgr1000212udp1032nlockmgr1000241udp733status1000241tcp736stat