二,计算机组成原理中英对照篇Computersystemsconsistofhardwareandsoftware.Hardwareisthephysicalpartofthesystem.Oncedesigned,hardwareisdifficultandexpensivetochange.Softwareisthesetofprogramsthatinstructthehardwareandiseasiertomodifythanhardware.计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕,要修改是困难的,并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合,比硬件容易修改。Everycomputerhasfourbasichardwarecomponents:每台计算机都有如下4种基本硬件部件:?Inputdevices.输入设备?Outputdevices.输出设备?Mainmemory.主存储器?Centralprocessingunit(CPU).中央处理器APROCESSOR处理器Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits—acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit—andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.处理器由两个功能部件(控制部件和算术逻辑部件)与一组称为寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。TheControlUnit控制部件TheArithmeticandLogicUnit算术逻辑部件Registers寄存器MEMORYSYSTEMS存储系统MemoryDevices存储器RANDOM-ACCESSMEMORY随机存储器READ-ONLYMEMORY只读存储器MAGNETICDISKS磁盘CD-ROMS只读光盘MAGNETICTAPE磁带INPUT/OUTPUTSYSTEM输入输出(I/O系统)ProgrammedI/O(程序控制I/O)ProgrammedI/O,alsoknownasdirectI/O,isaccomplishedbyaprogramexecutingontheprocessoritselftocontroltheI/Ooperationsandtransferthedata.程序控制I/O,又称直接I/O,由在处理器上执行的程序去控制I/O操作和传送数据。Memory-MappedI/O(存储器映射I/O)Memory-MappedI/OisanotherformofprogrammedI/Othatmapsthedeviceconnectionstobitsinmemoryaddressspace,存储器映射I/O是另一种程序控制I/O,它把I/O设备连接映射成存储器地址空间中的位组,InterruptI/O(中断I/O)Becauseofthelowefficiencyofpureprogrammedormemory-mappedI/Oinhigh-performancesystem,sointerruptisproduced.由于对高性能系统来说纯程序控制I/O或存储器映射I/O的效率都很低,所以又出现了中断方式。CoprocessorI/O(协处理器I/O)WhentheprocessorisbeingusedtocontrolI/Oandmovethedata,thereisalossofprocessorefficiency.ThustheideanaturallyarisestouseasecondprocessororcoprocessorforI/O.当处理器用于控制I/O和传送数据时,其效率下降。因而自然会想到用第二个处理器或协处理器去处理I/O。I/Odevices输入输出设备:1.INTERACTIVEINPUT交互性输入2.DIRECTINPUT直接输入3.SPEECHRECOGNITION语音识别4.SENSORINPUT传感器输入5.DISPLAYOUTPUTS显示输出6.PRINTERSFORDOCUMENTOUTPUTS文本打印机BUSESANDCONTROLLERS总线和控制器CentralizedControl.Asinglehardwarecontrolunitwillrecognizearequestandgrantaccesstothebustoarequestingdevice.Itistheresponsibilityofthecontrollertoresolvesimultaneousrequestsandassignprioritytotherequests.Atleastthreedesignsareusedforcentralizedcontrollers:daisychain,pollingwithaglobalcounter,andpollingwithlocalcounters.集中式控制。用一个控制器硬件去识别总线请求并允许请求设备去访问总线。该控制器的责任是处理同时来的多个请求并对这些请求安排优先级。集中式控制器至少有3种方式:菊花链式、带全局计数器的轮询和带局部计数器的轮询。DistributedControl.Distributedcontrol,alsoknownasdecentralizedcontrol,distributesthecontrolfunctionbetweenallthedevicesonthebus.Themajoradvantageofdecentralizedcontrolisthatthesystemiseasilyexpandablebytheadditionofmodules.Aswithcentralizedcontrol,therearethreebasicdesigns:daisychain,polling,andindependentrequests.分布式控制。分布式控制又称分散式控制,它把控制功能分布在总线上的所有设备中。分散式控制的主要优点是通过增加模块使系统容易扩充。与集中式控制一样,分散式控制也有3种基本方式:菊花链、轮询和独立请求。SynchronousCommunication.同步通信AsynchronousCommunication.异步通信三,计算机术语-编程语言篇api(applicationprogramminginte***ces,应用程序接口)ascii(americanstandardcodeforinformationinterchange,美国国家标准信息交换代码)atl:activextemplatelibrary(activex模板库)basic:beginner'sall-purposesymbolicinstructioncode(初学者通用指令代码)com:componentobjectmodel(组件对象模式)dna:distributedinternetapplication(分布式因特网应用程序)mfc:microsoftfoundationclasses(微软基础类库)sdk(softwaredevelopmentkit,软件开发工具包)windowsce(consumerelectronics,消费电子)dcom:distributingcomponentobjectmodel,构造物体模块dhcp:dynamichostconfigurationprotocol,动态主机分配协议dmf:distributionmediaformatgdi(graphicsdeviceinte***ce,图形设备接口)gui(graphicsuserinte***ce,图形用户界面)gpf(generalprotectfault,一般保护性错误)hta:hypertextapplication,超文本应用程序inffile(informationfile,信息文件)inifile(initializationfile,初始化文件)ndis:networkdriverinte***cespecification,网络驱动程序接口规范nt(newtechnology,新技术)qos:qualityofservice,服务质量rrvp:resourcereservationprotocol(资源保留协议)rtos(realtimeoperatingsystems,实时操作系统)sbfs:***bootflagspecification,简单引导标记规范vefat:virtualfileallocationtable(虚拟文件分配表)(vxd,virtualdevicedrivers,虚拟设备驱动程序)wdm(windowsdrivermodel,视窗驱动程序模块)winsock:windowssocket,视窗套接口whql:windowshardwarequalitylabs,windows硬件质量实验室whs:windowsXinghost,视窗脚本程序zam:zeroadministrationforwindows,零管理视窗系统加密ecc:ellipticcurvecrypto(椭圆曲线加密)set:secureelectronictransaction(安全电子交易)语言css:cascadingstylesheets,层叠格式表dcd:XcontentdeXionforxml:xml文件内容描述dtd:Xtypedefinition,文件类型定义html(hypertextmarkuplanguage,超文本标记语言)jvm:Xvirtualmachine,X虚拟机oji:openXvminte***ce,开放X虚拟机接口sgml:standardgeneralizedmarkuplanguage,标准通用标记语言smil:synchronousmultimediaintegratelanguage(同步多媒体集成语言)vrml:virtualrealitymakeuplanguage,虚拟现实结构化语言vxml(voiceextensiblemarkuplanguage,语音扩展标记语言)xml:extensiblemarkuplanguage(可扩展标记语言)xsl:extensiblestylesheetlanguage(可扩展设计语言)四,计算机术语-服务器/Server篇c2c:card-to-cardinterleaving,卡到卡交错存取cc-numa(cache-coherentnonuniformmemoryaccess,连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址)chrp(commonhardwarereferenceplatform,共用硬件平台,ibm为powerpc制定的标准,可以兼容macos,windowsnt,solaris,os/2,linux和aix等多种操作系统)emp:emergencymanagementport,紧急事件管理端口icmb:inter-chassismanagementbus,内部管理总线mpp(massiveparallelprocessing,巨量平行处理架构)mux:datapathmultiplexor,多重路径数据访问五,计算机术语-打印机和扫描仪篇打印机/Printeraas(automaticareaseagment?)dpi(dotperinch,每英寸的打印像素)ecp(extendedcapabilitiesport,延长能力端口)epp(enhancedparallelport,增强形平行接口)ipp(internetprintingprotocol,因特网打印协议)ppm(***perminute,页/分)spp(standardparallelport,标准并行口)tet(textenhancedtechnology,文本增强技术)u