WilliamCullenBryan(1794---1878)WilliamCullenBryantLifeLiteraryAchievementworksBornatMassachusetts,onNov.3FatherwasaphysicianBryant’shouseWilliamwasinterestedinwritingpoems,hisfirstversewaspublishedat14Thanatopsiswaswrittenat16,publishedonNorthAmericanReviewBryant’sPoemsIn1810,hebegantolearnlawMeanwhile,hebecamearegularcontributortothe“NorthAmericanReview”BryantSchoolIn1825,hemovedtoNewYorkCity,1826,joinedthestaffofthe“NewYorkEveningPost”(纽约晚邮报)Fightforpoliticalandsocialreforms,heaspiredasabolitionofslavery,tradeunions,andrightforfreespeechStrongsupporterofAbrahamLincolnCallfortheconstructionoftheCentralParkDiedonJuly12,1878Bryant’sGraveLiteraryAchievement:OneofAmerican’searliestnaturalistpoets.Called“theAmericanWordsworth”TheFiresidePoet(炉边诗人)MatthewArnoldpraiseditasthebestshortpoeminthelanguage,andthepoetandcriticRichardWilburhasdescribeditasAmerica'sfirstflawlesspoem.Bryant’sSignatureTheFiresidePoetTheFiresidePoets(alsoknownastheSchoolroomorHouseholdPoets)wereagroupof19th-centuryAmericanpoetsfromNewEngland.ThegroupistypicallythoughttocompriseHenryWadsworthLongfellow,WilliamCullenBryant,whowerethefirstAmericanpoetswhosepopularityrivaledthatofBritishpoets,bothathomeandabroad.Translation:IliadOdysseyThemeofhiswriting:ThebeautyandharmonyofnatureasasourceofjoyandescapeThedignityofhumanityThesacrednessofhumanfreedomThepowerofGodThanatopsis:best-knownpoem.InBlankverseTheme:death(Aviewofdeathwhichrepresentsasharpbreakfromthepuritanattitudetowardman’sfinaldestiny)ThetitleisfromtheGreekthanatos(death)andthesuffix-opsis(literally,sight);ithasoftenbeentranslatedasMeditationuponDeath.对他,她说着各种语言,他爱自然,与她的种种可见形式进行交流;为他欢快的时光她表达着快乐,微笑着,并大加赞美,她悄悄溜进他的隐秘的冥想,带着温和的治愈一切的同情,在他明白之前偷走他的痛苦。一想到最后的悲痛时光来临,如同枯萎病侵蚀你的精神,严酷而冷峻的痛楚,裹尸布,柩衣,令人窒息的黑暗,以及狭窄的棺屋,这些悲伤的景象令你发抖,一阵阵恶心,--走出去吧,到露天下,倾听大自然的教诲,此时你的周遭--土地以及她的水域,空气的深处--传来平静的声音---然而就几天,统察一切的太阳,在其光照所及,再也看不见你了,甚至寒冷的土地里,你苍白的形式摆放在那儿,带着淋漓的泪水;在海洋的怀抱里,你的形象也不复存在。土地养育了你,有权拥有你的成长,让你重新回归土地,并且,丧失所有人间的踪迹,完全放弃你的个体生命,你将永远与自然之力混为一体,成为麻木不仁的岩石的兄弟,成为懒散的土块的姊妹。粗蛮的乡下汉用犁耙翻着这些土块,并踩上几脚。橡树的根伸展着,刺进你疏松的土壤,然而并未刺到你永久的休憩地,你将独自就寝,你也不能希望你的床更华丽宏伟。你将躺下与人类孩提时代的族长--与国王,地球上有影响的--聪慧的,善良的,与美人儿,以及几代前白发皤然的先知,全在一个宏大的墓窟里。那些山岩石为骨,如太阳般古老,--那些山谷在郁郁寡欢的寂静中在群山间延伸;蓊郁的丛林,滚滚的河水庄严肃穆,与戚戚怨语的小溪使草地青翠,并灌溉四周。古海洋灰色忧郁的荒地--只不过是所有人类巨大的坟墓庄重而肃穆的装饰。金色的太阳,行星,天空所有的无限的主人,穿透平静的世代流逝,在悲伤的死亡居所之上闪闪发光。对沉睡在环球怀抱中的部落来说,所有踩在地球之上者,不过是一小撮。--乘上早晨的翅膀,穿越巴肯荒原,或者消失在连绵的丛林,那儿翻滚着俄勒冈河,听不见声响,除了它自己的咆哮声--然而死者就在那儿,成百万在寂寞中,自从时光飞逝之初,已经躺在他们最后的睡眠中--死者独自君临此地。因而,倘若你躺下,在阒无声息中你离开了活人,没有朋友留意你的离去,那会怎样?所有能够呼吸的生命,将与你命运与共。当你走了,达观者将开怀大笑,严肃者会忧心忡忡。缓缓沉重地向前,每个人都一如既往追随着他钟爱的幻影;然而这一切将离去,他们的欢笑,以及财物,并将与你一起铺床,随着一长串岁月的流逝,人类的子孙,风华正茂的青年,以及年富力强的他,主妇或者女仆,未开口说话的娃娃,白发苍苍的老人都将一一聚集在你的身旁,同样,轮到谁,谁也得跟随而来。因此,活着,当你被召唤,来加入滚滚人流的旅队,向着神秘的领地移动,在那儿,人人将在寂静的死亡大厅拥有一间寝室你走了,不像夜晚采石场的奴隶,被鞭打进地牢,而是由坚定的信念支撑和抚慰,走向你的坟墓,像那人一样,在身上裹起床单,躺下,犹如进入快乐的梦乡“Toawaterfowl”“themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”describesthepoet’sobservationofabirdescapingfromafowleronthehorizonatsunsetDivinepower/guidesandprotectslife/obeyedbymanandbirdWhither,‘midstfallingdew,Whileglowtheheavenswiththelaststepsofday,Farthroughtheirrosydepths,dostthoupursueThysolitaryway?无论飞向何处,撒下点点露珠,当天空红着脸,踏下她最后的脚步,你穿越玫瑰色的晚霞深处,是否仍在追逐,那孤独的旅途?本诗第一节就以整节的篇幅描绘一只水鸟孤独地飞在天空中的画面背景Vainlythefowler‘seyeMightmarkthydistantflighttodotheewrong,As,darklyseenagainstthecrimsonsky,Thyfigurefloatsalong.捕猎者恶意的目光徒劳地标注着你的远行,那时,天空已成一幕绛红,护着你的身影前行。诗人把水鸟塑造成一个坚定的形象。Seek'stthoutheplashybrinkOfweedylake,ormargeofriverwide,OrwheretherockingbillowsriseandsinkOnthechafedoceanside?你在寻找湿润的芳草萋萋的泽国,开阔平坦的河畔抑或是翻腾的巨浪拍打着的恼怒的海岸?ThereisaPowerwhosecareTeachesthywayalongthatpathlesscoast,——Thedesertandillimitableair,——Lonewandering,butnotlost.一种力量的垂青使你沿着无路的海边绝壁,——荒凉无边的天空,——独自漫步,但不迷失。水鸟如何到达自己的目的地。一切都浑然天成,不论是在无形海岸还是无尽的天空,都有一种神秘的力作为它的向导。Alldaythywingshavefann‘dAtthatfarheight,thecoldthinatmosphere;Yetstoopnot,weary,tothewelcomeland,Thoughthedarknightisnear.你的翅膀整日挥舞在高空中,大气稀薄而冰冷;你即使疲倦也不向陆地屈服,尽管黑夜已经临近。此节开始,全诗的象征意味显明起来。凉夜将降,水鸟飞行终日,疲惫不堪,诗人却不希望它降临福地。Andsoonthattoilshallend;Soonshaltthoufindasummerhome,andrest,Andscreamamongthyfellows;reedshallbend,Soono‘erthyshelterednest.跋涉即将结束;不久你将找到夏日的家园,留下休憩,在伙伴中歌唱;芦苇也会弯下他的韧束,遮蔽起你的筑巢地。这种象征意味更加明显。虽然描写得非常具象:水鸟熬过暗夜,结束旅程,迁徙至温暖的家。但此时它的同伴却“尖叫”起来,而芦苇也长过它曾憩息的地方。如此一联系,原诗中的rest也许不是单指休息,而是水鸟长途跋涉之后西去了。Thou'rtgone,theabyssofheavenHathswallowedupthyform;yet,onmyheartDeeplyhathsunkthelessonthouhastgiven,Andshallnotsoondepart.你飞逝而去,深邃的天空吞没了你的身影;然而,在我心里已深深地打上了你的烙印,不会立刻逝离。Hewho,fromzonetozone,Guidesthroughtheboundlessskythycertainflight,InthelongwaythatImusttreadalone,Willleadmystepsaright.它,从一个地方到另一地方,操纵着必然的迁徙,穿越无垠的天际,漫漫长路,我必须独自前行,它将指引我前行的方向Thenarratorquestionswherethewaterfowlisgoing.Hequestionshismotivesforflying.Hewarnsthewaterfowlthathecouldpossiblyfinddanger,travelingalone.But,thiswaterfowlisnotalone.HeknowsthatthewaterfowlisbeingledbysomePower(神秘主义mysticism).Asthewaterfowlreachesoutofthenarrator'ssight,thenarratorreflectsonGod'sguidanceinhisownlife.ThenarratorissurethatGodhasledthiswaterfowl,andthatthewaterfowlhadfaithinthenarrator.Now,thenarrator'sfaithisstrengthened.HeknowsthatGodisguidinghimaswell