ElectricPowerSystem电力系统ElectricPowerSystems,componentsthattransformothertypesofenergyintoelectricalenergyandtransmitthisenergytoaconsumer.Theproductionandtransmissionofelectricityisrelativelyefficientandinexpensive,althoughunlikeotherformsofenergy,electricityisnoteasilystoredandthusmustgenerallybeusedasitisbeingproduced.电力系统把其它形式的能源转化为电能并输送给用户。尽管不同于其它形式的能源,电能不容易储存,一旦生产出来,必须得到使用,但是电力的生产和传输相对高效和廉价。Introduction介绍component[kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分;零件;要素;组分adj.组成的;合成的;构成的;成分的transform[trænsˈfɔ:m]v.转变,变成transmit[trænzˈmit]vt.传输;传送,传递;发射;传染vi.发送信号transmission[trænzˈmiʃən]n.播送;传送;传动装置relatively[ˈrelətɪvlɪ]adv.关系上地;相对地;比较地;较比ComponentsofanElectricPowerSystem电力系统的组成Amodernelectricpowersystemconsistsofsixmaincomponents:(1)thepowerstation,(2)asetoftransformerstoraisethegeneratedpowertothehighvoltagesusedonthetransmissionlines,(3)thetransmissionlines,(4)thesubstationsatwhichthepowerissteppeddowntothevoltageonthedistributionlines,(5)thedistributionlines,and(6)thetransformersthatlowerthedistributionvoltagetothelevelusedbytheconsumer'sequipment.当今的电力系统由六个主要部分组成:1.电站2.升压变压器(将发出来的电升压至传输线所需高电压)3.传输线4.变电站(电压降至配电线电压等级)5.配电线路6.降压变压器(将配电电压降至用户设备使用的电压水平)。consistof由…组成;由...组成;包括transformern.变压器;促使变化的(或人物),改革者generatedadj.发电的substationn.变电站,变电所stepdown逐步减低降低电压(退休,辞职)equipment[iˈkwipmənt]n.设备,装备;器材,配件;PowerStationThepowerstationofapowersystemconsistsofaprimemover,suchasaturbinedrivenbywater,steam,orcombustiongasesthatoperateasystemofelectricmotorsandgenerators.Mostoftheworld'selectricpowerisgeneratedinsteamplantsdrivenbycoal,oil,nuclearenergy,orgas.Asmallerpercentageoftheworld'selectricpowerisgeneratedbyhydroelectric(waterpower),diesel,andinternal-combustionplants.电站。电力系统的电站包括原动机,如由水,蒸汽驱动的涡轮,或者燃烧气体操控的电动机和发电机系统,世界上大多数的电能由煤炭、石油、核能或者燃气驱动的蒸汽发电厂产生。少量电能由水力,柴油和内燃机发电厂产生。prime[praim]adj.最好的;首要的;最初的;基本的n.精华;初期;全盛时期;青年vt.使准备好;填装;事先指导adv.极好地vi.(为枪炮)装火药;涂底漆;修剪树枝;注水入泵引起primemover原动机turbine[‘tɜːbaɪn]n.涡轮combustion[kəmˈbʌstʃən]n.燃烧,烧毁;氧化;骚动steamplant蒸汽动力厂hydroelectric[ˌhaɪdrəʊɪˈlektrɪk]adj.水力发电的diesel[ˈdi:zəl]n.柴油机;柴油机机车(或船等)internal-combustionadj.内燃的TransformersModernelectricpowersystemsusetransformerstoconvertelectricityintodifferentvoltages.Withtransformers,eachstageofthesystemcanbeoperatedatanappropriatevoltage.Inatypicalsystem,thegeneratorsatthepowerstationdeliveravoltageoffrom1,000to26,000volts(V).Transformersstepthisvoltageuptovaluesrangingfrom138,000to765,000Vforthelong-distancesprimarytransmissionlinebecausehighervoltagescanbetransmittedmoreefficientlyoverlongdistances.Atthesubstationthevoltagemaybetransformeddowntothelevelsof69,000to138,000Vforfurthertransferonthedistributionsystem.Anothersetoftransformersstepthevoltagedownagaintoadistributionlevelsuchas2,400or4,160Vor15,27,or33kilovolts(kV).Finallythevoltageistransformedonceagainatthedistributiontransformernearthepointofuseto240or120V.变压器。现代电力系统使用变压器把电能转换为不同的电压。有了变压器,系统的每个阶段都能在合适的电压等级下运行。在典型的系统中,电站发电机发出的电压范围是1000伏到26000伏。变压器把电压升至138000到765000伏后,送至主传输线上。因为对于长距离传输,电压越高,效率越高。在变电站,电压被降至69000到138000伏,以便在配电系统中传输。另外一组变压器把电压进一步降至配电等级,如2400到4160伏,或者15,27,33KV。最终,在使用端,经配电变压器,电压再次被降至240V或120V。convert[kənˈvə:t]vt.(使)转变;使皈依;兑换,换算;侵占vi.经过转变;被改变appropriate[ə'prəʊpriət]adj.适当的;相称的generator[ˈdʒenəreitə]n.发电机,发生器;电力公司;生产者,创始者delivervt.发表;递送;交付;使分娩vi.投递;传送stepup升压rangen.范围;射程;山脉;排;一系列;闲逛;炉灶;【数】值域,极差v.排列;使…站在某一方;延伸;漫游;射程达到(某距离)rangefromv.从...到...变动;从...到...范围;延伸;绵亘primary[ˈpraiməri]adj.首要的,主要的;最早的,原始的;[地质学]原生的;基本的n.第一位;最好者;要素;候选人提拔会transfer[trænsˈfɚ]vt.使转移;使调动;转让(权利等);让与vi.转让;转学;转乘;转会(尤指职业足球队)n.转移;调动;换乘;(运动员)转会distributionn.分配,分布;[法](无遗嘱死亡者的)财产分配;[无线]频率分布;[电]配电TransmissionLinesThelinesofhigh-voltagetransmissionsystemsareusuallycomposedofwiresofcopper,aluminum,orcopper-cladoraluminum-cladsteel,whicharesuspendedfromtalllatticeworktowersofsteelbystringsofporcelaininsulators.Bytheuseofcladsteelwiresandhightowers,thedistancebetweentowerscanbeincreased,andthecostofthetransmissionlinethusreduced.Inmoderninstallationswithessentiallystraightpaths,high-voltagelinesmaybebuiltwithasfewassixtowerstothekilometer.Insomeareashigh-voltagelinesaresuspendedfromtallwoodenpolesspacedmorecloselytogether.传输线。高压传输系统通常由铜线、铝线或者镀铜、镀铝的钢线组成,它们悬挂在高大钢格构塔架上成串的瓷质绝缘体上。由于含镀层钢线和铁塔的使用,增大了塔与塔之间的距离,降低了传输线的成本。在当前的直线安装中,每公里高压线只需建立6个铁塔。在一些地区,高压线悬挂于距离较近的木质电线杆上。becomposedof由...组成suspendvt.暂停;延缓;暂停;悬浮vi.暂缓;悬浮;无力支付porcelaininsulators陶瓷绝缘器clad[klæd]adj.穿衣的;覆盖的;镀过金属的;用金属包被的v.穿(衣)installation[ˌɪnstə'leɪʃn]n.安装;装置;军事驻地essentiallyadv.本质上,根本上;本来;“essential“的派生Forlowervoltagedistributionlines,woodenpolesaregenerallyusedratherthansteeltowers.Incitiesandotherareaswhereopenlinescreateasafetyhazardorareconsideredunattractive,insulatedundergroundcablesareusedfordistribution.Someofthesecableshaveahollowcorethroughwhichoilcirculatesunderlowpressure.Theoilprovidestemporaryprotectionfromwaterdamagetotheenclosedwiresshouldthecabledevelopaleak.Pipe-typecablesinwhichthreecablesareenclosedinpipefilledwithoilunderhighpressure(14kgpersqcm/200psi)arecablesarefrequentlyused.Thesecablesareusedfortransmissionofcurrentatvoltagesashighas345,000V(or345kV).对于低压配电线路,更多的使用木质电线杆,而不是铁塔。在城市和一些地区