美国文学史名词解释

美国文学史名词解释Romanticism1.TheAmericanRomanticismcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.2.AmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.SomeofAmericanromanticwritingwasmodeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.Whileitwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.3.TheAmericannationalexperienceof“pioneering”intothewestprovedtobearichfundofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.4.The“newness”oftheAmericansasanationisanothermajorelementconnectedwithAmericanRomanticism.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofEdenformanweredistinctlyAmerican.5.Intechniquetheylovedtraditionalmetersandstanzaforms;inlanguagetheirEnglishwasusuallyBritish.6.ThemajorRomanticwritersincludeWashingtonIrving,Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitman,Dickson,Poe,etc.Transcendentalism1.fromthe1830stotheCivilWar,the1840sitsheyday2.AbranchofRomanticism3.Itisaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,apowerfulexpressionoftheintellectualmoodoftheage.4.majorrepresentatives:EmersonandThoreau5.Mainideas:itexaltedfeeling(intuition)overreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.ItappealedtothosewhodisdainedtheharshGodoftheirPuritanancestors.RealismAnineteenth-centuryEuropeanandAmericanliterarymovementthatsoughttoportrayfamiliarcharacters,situations,andsettingsinarealisticmanner.Thiswasdoneprimarilybyusinganobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.Thestandardforsuccessofanyrealisticworkdependsonhowfaithfullyittransferscommonexperienceintofictionalforms.ImagismPound’sideaaboutimagistpoetrycanbelistedasfollowingfourpoints:1.TopaintthethingasIseeit.2.Beauty.3.Freedomfromdidacticism.4.Itisonlygoodmannersifyourepeatafewothermentoatleastdoitbetterormorebriefly.ImagismwasapoeticvoguethatflourishedinEngland,andevenmorevigorouslyinAmerica,betweentheyears1912and1917.ItwasplannedandexemplifiedbyagroupofEnglishandAmericanwritersinLondon.ThemajorleaderisEzraPound.OtherleadingparticipantswereH.D(HildaDoolittle),D.H.Lawrence,WilliamCarlosWilliams,etc.TheImagistproposalswereforapoetrywhich,abandoningconventionalpoeticmaterialsandversification,isfreetochooseanysubjectandtocreateitsownrhythms,usescommonspeech,andpresentsanimageorvividsensorydescriptionthatishard,clearandconcentrated.ThetypicalImagistpoemiswritteninfreeverseandundertakestorenderaspreciselyandterselyaspossible,andwithoutcommentorgeneralization,thewriter’simpressionofavisualobjectorscene;oftentheimpressionisrenderedbymeansofmetaphor,orbyjuxtaposing,withoutindicatingarelation,thedescriptionofoneobjectwiththatofasecondanddiverseobject.Imagismwastoorestrictivetoendurelongasaconcertedmovement,butitservedtoinaugurateadistinctivefeatureofmodernistpoetry.LiteraryRegionalismsRegionalandlocalcolorwritingsTheearlystageofliteraryrealism––depictedcontemporarylife,usedthespeechofthecommonpeopleandavoided,ingeneral,fantasticplotlines.Reflectedtheconsciousnessofregionsandlocalitiesthatstillshapesliterarycreativityandcriticismtoday.Aregionalworkreliesonthecultural,socialandhistoricalsettingsofaregion.Alocalcoloroneisjustasdependentuponaspecificgeographicallocation,butitgivesmoreemphasistothelocaldetailsbytappingintothefolklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefsandspeech.TherewasalsoaromanticflavorderivedfromWashingtonIrvingandthefrontiertraditionoftalltales.NaturalismAnextensionorintensificationofrealism(fromthelatenineteenthtoearlytwentiethcenturies).Themovement'smajortheorist,FrenchnovelistEmileZola,envisionedatypeoffictionthatwouldexaminehumanlifewiththeobjectivityofscientificinquiry.TheNaturaliststypicallyviewedhumanbeingsaseithertheproductsofbiologicaldeterminism(生物决定论),ruledbyhereditaryinstincts(遗传论)andengagedinanendlessstruggleforsurvival,orastheproductsofsocioeconomicdeterminism,ruledbysocialandeconomicforcesbeyondtheircontrol.Intheirworks,theNaturalistsgenerallyignoredthehighestlevelsofsocietyandfocusedondegradation:poverty,alcoholism,prostitution,insanity,anddisease.1.19世纪后期流行的，产生于批判现实主义之中的一个文学思潮和流派。再现自然，就是真实地而不是典型化地描写日常生活。2.强调客观性。作家不是道德家，不要作任何价值评判，而是解剖家。3.突出的科学性。认为人的性格、欲望、行为都受制于生物规律，尤其是遗传规律。4.要求描写达到一种科学性的精确，认为创作就是一种实验的过程。AllegoryAnallegoryisaworkwhichhasameaningbehindthesurfacemeaning.Anallegoryisanarrative,whetherinproseorverse,inwhichtheagentsandactions,andsometimesthesettingaswell,arecontrivedbytheauthortomakecoherentsenseonthe“literal,”orprimary,levelofsignification,andatthesametimetosignifyasecond,correlatedorderofsignification.Parable寓言故事:abrieftaleintendedtobeunderstoodasanallegoryillustratingsomelessonormoral.Averyshortnarrativeabouthumanbeingspresentedsoastostressthetacitanalogy,orparallelwithageneralthesisorlessonthatthenarratoristryingtobringhometohisaudience.