英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

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1英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习班次______姓名________学号________主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)Helikesdancing.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征。(有时态的变化)WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.(名词)Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Heisasleep.(形容词)Hisfatherisin.(副词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.(不定式)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)(常见的系动词有:be,sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉),stay(保持)Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.宾语(object):1)动作的承受者-----动宾IlikeChina.(名词)Hehatesyou.(代词)Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.(数词)Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾2Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.宾补(objectcomplement):对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.(名词)Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)定语(attribute):修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.(名词)Heisourfriend.(代词)Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.(现在分词)Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)状语(adverbial):用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或者句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn’tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主语+谓语(不及物动词)Shecame./Myheadaches.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语+系动词+表语Sheishappy.3主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook.Sheboughtabookforme.主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.Therebe句型1.定义:Therebe句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2.结构:(1)Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点状语/时间状语.(2)Thereare+复数名词+地点状语/时间状语.there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。eg.①Thereisabirdinthetree.②Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclassroom.③Therearetwoboysandagirlunderthetree.3.Therebe句型与have的区别:(1)Therebe句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:Therebe表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。eg.①Hehastwosons.他有两个儿子。②Therearetwomenintheoffice.办公室里有两个男人。(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时,Therebe句型与其可互换。eg.Aweekhassevendays.=Therearesevendaysinaweek.Exercises分析下列句子成分1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.7.Iloveyoumorethanher,child.8.Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes.9.Theypushedthedooropen.410.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching.13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Don'tgetnervous,helpyourselftowhatyoulike.16.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.17.Hedidn'tcome.Thatiswhyhedidn'tknow.18.Sheshowedushermanyofherpictures.19.Theoldmanlivesalonelylife.20.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.21.ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthoseinGermany.22.Therearesomanypeopleinthehallthatit'shardformetofindhim.23.Nomatterhowdifficultthetaskmaybe,wemustfulfilitthismonth.24.Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.25.Wemustdowhateverthepeoplewantustodo.26.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.27.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?28Maryhandedherhomeworktotheteacher.29.Doyouknowthelatestnewsabouthim?30.I’llgetmyhaircuttomorrow.翻译练习:5主谓结构(主语+不及物动词)1你应当努力学习。2她昨天回家很晚。3那天早上我们谈了很多。4会议将持续两个小时。5在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。71919年,在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。8每天八时开始上课。9这个盒子重五公斤。10五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构(主语+及物动词+宾语)1昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。8Jim还不会自己穿衣服。9我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。10他不知道说什么好。主系表结构(主语+系动词+表语)1我的兄弟都是大学生。2冬季白天短,夜晚长。3布朗夫人看起来很健康。4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。5孩子们,请保持安静。6这本书是有关美国历史的书。7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。8他失业了。9树叶已经变黄了。10这个报告听起来很有意思。双宾语结构(主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)1Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。4.请把那本字典递给我好吗?5.他把车票给列车员看。6.这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。7.我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。8.RobinsonCrusoe给自己做了一只小船。9.请你给我弄一本新的,好吗?10.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗?6复合宾语结构(主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语)1我们叫她Alice.2他的父母给他取名为John.3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。4他们把门推开了。5他们把小偷释放了。6我们要使学校变得更美丽。7他请我们参加做游戏。8我要你把真相告诉我。9卫兵命令我们立即离开。10明天我要找人来修理机器。11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。12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