被动语态,主谓一致

GRAMMARParisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.TheSagradaFamiliawasdesignedbyanarchitectcalledAntonioGaudi.Florence’smostbeautifulpaintingsandsculptureswereproducedbygreatartists.Athensisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilisation.TheParthenonwasbuiltduringthisperiod.(1)PASSIVEVOICEGRAMMAR(1)PASSIVEVOICEAboutamilliontouristsvisitFlorenceeveryyear.TenmillionpeoplevisitedLondonlastyear.LeonardodaVincipaintedtheMonaLisa.Picassodidn’tpainttheMonaLisa.ThousandsofworkersbuilttheGreatWallofChina.Makethefollowingsentencespassive.GRAMMAR(1)PASSIVEVOICEFlorenceisvisitedbyamilliontouristseveryyear.Londonwasvisitedbytenmillionpeoplelastyear.TheMonaLisawaspaintedbyLeonardodaVinci.TheMonaLisawasnotpaintedbyPicasso.TheGreatWallwasbuiltbythousandsofworkers.语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态(PassiveVoice)表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。其句子的谓语动词是：be+v-ed形式。由于语态是动词的一种形式，它只表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系，它没有表示动作发生的时间和方式，因此，被动语态形式的句子，仍然有各种时态变化。由于构成被动语态的行为动词变成了动词-ed形式，所以，被动语态句子的时态都要体现在助动词be上。1．被动语态的构成be+v-ed1）一般现在时am/is/are+v-edYou'rewantedonthetelephone.有人给你打电话。2）一般过去时was/were+v-edThebookwasfinishedlastweek.这书是上周写完的。3）一般将来时willbe+v-edYou'llbeallowedtogoouttomorrow.明天让你出去。4）现在进行时和过去进行时①Thebuildingisbeingbuilt.这幢楼正在建设之中。②Thebikeswerebeingrepaired.那时正在修自行车。5）现在完成时和过去完成时①ThisbookhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.这本书已被译成英语。②Thecarhadbeenrepaired.这时汽车已修完了。2．被动语态的用法1)我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁(这时都不带由by引起的短语)。Thebookiswrittenforteachers.这种书是为教师写的。2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时可带由by引起的短语)。Theshopisrunbyayoungman.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。3．学习、使用被动语态应注意下面几点1)短语动词的被动语态，要保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词切记不可遗漏。Thesebooksmustbetakengoodcareof.这些书必须好好保管。Thechildrenwerewelllookedafter.孩子们受到了良好的护理。2)带双宾语的动词的被动语态：(give,send,take,bring,teach,tell,offer,sing,buy,promise,make,write,ask,lend,show,pay等)将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语作为保留宾语，或变为介词宾语，作状语。Wegavehimsomepicture-books.→Hewasgivensomepicture-books.→Somepicture-booksweregiventohim.我们给他一些图画书。3)有些动词主动语态形式表示被动语态如：sell,wash,wear,等。Thebooksellswell.这本书畅销。Silkwearswell.丝耐穿。Thisclothwasheswell.这种布料耐洗。4)不及物动词（短语）没有被动语态如：happen,takeplace等。5）感官动词不用被动语态如feel,taste,smell等。4.Practice:1．—“TownHallisthetallestbuildinginthecity.”—“______fromhere?”A.CanitseeB.CanitbeseenC.CanbeseenitD.Cansee答案B。TownHall(市政厅)应当是被看见，所以应在B和C中选择。又因这是一个问句，故选B。2．—“Theceremonyhasalreadystarted.”—“Look!Theflagis______now.”A．beingraisedB．risenC．beingroseD．raising答案A。risevi.升起，不能有被动形式，故B,C不能选用。raisevt.举起，升起。后要接宾语，故D不适用。beingraised正在被升起，正符合题意。3．Thecrime______millions,becausethespeechwasontelevision.A.wasseenbyB.wassawbyC.seenbyD.wasseenfor答案A。根据题意：犯罪行为被数百万人所看见，故选A。4.Thethingstalkedaboutinthisreport______overayearago.A.hadtakenplaceB.tookplaceC.havetakenplaceD.weretakenplace答案B。takeplace,occur,happen发生，均为不及物动词词组，没有被动语态。5．Theanti-JapaneseWar______in1937andit______eightyears.A．wasbrokenout;lastedB．brokeout;lastedC．breakout;lastsD．brokeout;waslasted答案B。breakout,last均为不及物动词（短语），没有被动语态。6．Comeandsitdownbythefire.Yourhand______.A．feelssocoldB．isfeltsocoldlyC．feelssocoldlyD．feelsocold答案A。feel（摸起来有……的感觉）seem,sound,look等作为系动词使用，系表结构没有被动语态。7．Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection______.('94)A．hascompletedB．completesC．hasbeencompletedD．iscompleted我所集的邮票还差一张才能成整套。答案D。before引导的时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来，而collection与complete之间为被动关系。8．Insomepartsoftheworld,tea______withmilkandsugar.('93)A．isservingB．isservedC．servesD．served在世界上一些地区，人们饮茶时都加牛奶和蔗糖。答案B。本题叙述的是一般的情况，常用一般现在时，答案可在B和C中选择。serve意思是“供给”或“送上”，此处应用被动语态。9．He'llbeanastronautbythetimehe______thirty.('93)A．isB．hadbeenC．willbeD．isgoingtobe到他三十岁时，他就会成为一名宇航员。答案A。主句中用的是一般将来时，bythetime引导时间状语从句中用现在时态表示将来。GRAMMARMyfamilylivesinCardiff.Oursoccerteamisfantastic.Thewholeclassishere.NeitherAmynorHelenisEnglish.Noneofthemhasarrivedyet.Eachofthemhasacapitalcity.NeitherofthemisEnglish.(2)SUBJECTANDVERBAGREEMENTGRAMMARThepolicearesearchingforhim.Somesheepareoverthere.Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.Morethanonestudenthasseenthisfilm.Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.Menofthiskindaredangerous.Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.(2)SUBJECTANDVERBAGREEMENT“主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are,were,have等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：is,was,has,works等。1.everyoneofoneofeachofeitherofneitherof+复数名词作主语，谓语用单数。Eachofthestudentshasabook.Eachofthegirlslikesdancing.Oneofthemhasbeenabroad.NeitherofthetwoboysisgoodatEnglish.2.each/every/no/manya+单数名词andeach/every/no/manya+单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。1.Eachbookandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.2.Everyboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.3.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthesepainting.4.Everyhourandminuteisimportant.第二个each,every,no,manya可以省略。noneof...结构作主语指代不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；指代复数名词作主语，强调全体，谓语用复数更好一些；着重个别，则用单数较好。Noneofthemoneyisyours.Noneofushave／haseverbeenabroad.3.all,none,some,any等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。Allarepresent.Allthefoodtastesgood.4.morethanone/manya+单数名词作主语，意义上是复数，谓语动词常用单数。(形单意复)Morethanonestudenthastried.Manyastudentandteacheriswatchingthefootballmatch.Manyamanhasdiedinthewar.5.集体名词class,family,army,team,club,population,party,crowd,majority,audience,government,public,group,等作主语。强调整体用单数，指个体成员用复数。①HisfamilyisinHarbin.②Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.③Thecommitteewasmadeup