定语从句1详解

HarryPotterandthePhilosopher'sStone哈利波特与魔法石philosopher[fəˈlɒsəfə(r)]n.哲学家，哲人;思想家Theboywholived.大难不死的男孩。Theboywholived.定语从句（TheAttributiveClause.)基本概念：一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。在主句中充当定语成分。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词。先行词一般出现在定语从句之前。Theysentmychildtotheschooleverymorning,whichIconsideredagreathelptome.注意：有时先行词是整个句子。关系词：引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词在定语从句中有三大作用：1.连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。IgaveherallthemoneythatIhad.我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that连接先行词money和定语从句Ihad）2.替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。Themanwholivesnextdoorisafamousteacher.住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who替代theman）3.成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。IlikepictureswhicharepaintedinthetraditionalChinesestyle.我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词，具体见下表：关系词先行词充当成分关系代词that人或物主、宾、表which物主、宾who人主、宾whom人宾whose人或物定语（表所属）关系副词where地点状语when时间why原因Ronhastwobrotherswhostudyinthesameschool.左起：弗雷德、罗恩、金妮和乔治韦斯莱。图为第五部电影凤凰社。罗恩有两个在同一所学校上学的哥哥。Ronhastwobrothers,whostudyinthesameschool.罗恩有两个哥哥，他们在同一所学校上学。注意两个句子形式上的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：哈利的魔杖：十一英寸，冬青木，凤凰羽毛，柔软灵活。这根羽毛来自邓不利多的宠物福克斯，福克斯的另一根羽毛在伏地魔的魔杖里。Ihaveawandwhich/thathasaphoenix’sfeatherinit.我有一根里面有凤凰羽毛的魔杖。Ihaveawand,whichhasaphoenix’sfeatherinit.我有一根魔杖，它里面有凤凰的羽毛。修饰限制，译为“的”补充说明，译成并列句哈利波特原著小说，共七部。ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.Thenovel,whichIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting.Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmademeveryglad.先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是句子阿不思·邓布利多（AlbusDumbledore），霍格沃茨魔法学校校长，凤凰社创始人和保密人，被公认为当代最伟大的巫师。Weallrespectthemanwhowearsalongwhitebeard.Weallrespecttheman,whowearsalongwhitebeard.不能去掉能去掉在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that和关系副词why。要用forwhich代替why.Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidn‘tattendthemeeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上意义上作用上不用逗号用逗号去掉后句意不完整去掉不影响表达修饰限制只可修饰先行词补充说明可修饰先行词或主句译为“…的”可译为并列句翻译时关系词作宾语时可以省略不可省略且不能用that,why引导1.Apples,thataregoodatpeople’shealth,shouldbeeateneveryday.2.Thesunheatstheearthwhichmakesitpossibletogrowcrops.，which×关系代词：1.who,whom的用法。二者的先行词均指人。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Themanwhom/whoyoumetjustnowismyoldfriend.who在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语；whom作宾语。在限制性定语从句中，作宾语时，二者可以互换，也可省略。注意：在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时只能用whom，且不能省略。2.which的用法：which的先行词只能指物，Isthisthebook(which)you’relookingfor?这是你正在找的书吗？Then,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshanwhich在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。（在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，但作介词的宾语，且介词提前时，不可省）。ThisisthehouseinwhichIusedtolive.这是我曾住过的房子。3.that的用法：that的先行词指人或物，只能引导限制性定语从句。Ahugecrackthatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.Jackisnolongertheperson(that)Imetfiveyearsago.可以用who/whom,可省略可以用whichthat在从句中可作主语，宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前，如提前则需用which或whom代替that。Whichorthat?1.用that不用which的情况：先行词是all,much,little,few,something,anything，everything，none，nothing等不定代词时。Afewdayslaterweleftourvillage,becausetherewasnothingthatwasleftforus.Hedideverythingthatcouldhelpus.他做了能帮助我们的事。先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被它们修饰时。Thefirstthing(that)weshoulddonowistofindalocalguide.先行词既有人又有物时。IamgoingtotalkaboutthecountriesandpeoplethatIhavevisited.我要谈论一下我所访问过的国家和人民。宜用which的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中。2.在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前。ThehouseinwhichIusedtolivehasbecomeasupermarket.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家超市。whose的用法：whose的先行词既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中作定语。指人时相当于ofwhom;指物时相当于ofwhich。Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.=Thisisthescientist,theachievementsofwhomarewellknown.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。I’dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.=I’dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacesthesea.我想要一个窗户面朝大海的房间。TheEnglishsongcallsupthehappydays______wespenttogetherinouryouth.A.inwhichB.thatC.whenD.who解析：______wespenttogetherinouryouth是一个定语从句。在这个从句中，spent是及物动词，先行词thedays作它的宾语，所以选that。答案：BHisthirdnovel________isverypopularwithreaderswaswrittenbyhimin2006.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.that解析：novel为先行词,其后是定语从句。novel在从句中作主语，而且其前有序数词third修饰，所以选that。答案：DCanyouseeamanandhishorse________arecrossingthebridge?A.whichB.whoC.thatD.whom解析：manandhorse是又有人又有物的先行词，其后是定语从句。因为从句中缺少主语，所以用that。答案：C1．(2012·江苏高考)Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_____________urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A．whichB．whoC．whereD．what解析：考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，“_____________urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词who。答案：B2．(2012·陕西高考)Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,_____________hassurprisedusall.A．thatB．whereC．whichD．what解析：考查定语从句。句意：她第三次赢得比赛，这让我们很吃惊。此处which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的内容。答案：C3．(2011·新课标全国卷)Theprizewillgotothewriter_____________storyshowsthemostimagination.A．thatB．whichC．whoseD．what解析：考查定语从句。先行词thewriter与定语从句的主语story之间为所属关系，因此用关系代词whose引导定语从句。答案：C趣味排序题：1.JohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasa________________________car.A.AmericanB.whiteC.large2.MrSmithisdrivinga____________________________carinthecompetionandI’msurehewilltakethefirstplace.A.sportsB.newC.JapaneseD.beautiful口诀：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。1.答案：CBA2.答案：DBCA