名词单复数主讲:张盼Content名词的分类规则变化不规则变化不可数名词注意事项分类名词按照语法特征分类:普通名词专有名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词可数名词不可数名词一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/map-mapsbook-books2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bagscar-cars名词复数的规则变化(1)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时,只加–s。stomach—stomachs读/s/以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-ses读/iz/bridge-bridgesexercise-exercises名词复数的规则变化(2)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变复数:读/z/twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esies读/iz/party-partiesbaby---babies名词复数的规则变化(3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加-s读/s/roof---roofs一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。b.去f,fe加-veshalf---halvesknife---knives读/vz/leaf---leaveswolf---wolveslife---livesthief---thievesc.均可handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieveshoof-hoofs/hooves名词复数的规则变化(4)atomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroes名词复数的规则变化(5)辅音字母+o结尾,加es读/z/但piano,photo,kilo,tobacco加s元音字母+o结尾,加s读/z/radio-radios规则变化情况构成法读音例词一般情况(包括以e结尾的名词)加-s-s在清辅音后读[s]在浊辅音和元音后读[z]在辅音[s][z]后读[iz]cups,cakes,roofs,flags,keys,faces以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-es在[s][z][t∫][∫]后读[iz]Classes,boxes,watches,brushes以辅音+y结尾变y为i,加es读[iz]Cities,countries,studies以元音+y结尾加-s读[z]Boys,rays,days情况构成法读音例词以o结尾加-es读[z]Heroes,tomatoes,potatoes,Negroes加-s读[z]Bamboos,radios,zoos,photos,pianos以f,fe结尾变f,fe为v,再加-es读[vz]Leaf-leavesLife-livesWife-wives加-s读[s]Roofs,proofs,chiefsfoot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseox-oxenman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachersonesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名词复数的不规则变化(2):单复数形式相同onefish一条鱼fishes不同种类的鱼/各种各样的鱼threefish三条鱼somefish一些鱼肉可数名词不可数名词deer-deermeans-meansseries-seriesspecies-speciesworks-works(工厂)Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A.GermanB.GermenC.GermansD.Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况:1、单复数同形:Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形:English-Englishman3、加–s或-es:German–Germans详见下表。1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用,常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如:---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’sBThePalmers’CThePalmersDThePalmer’sMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A.brothers-in-lawB.brother-in-lawsC.brothers-in-lawsD.brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数,如:managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如:grown-ups。不规则变化极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。例:man→men;woman→women;child→children一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:例:ox→oxen;child→children;brother→brethren一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词例:analysis→analyses分析;basis→bases基础;datum→data数据;foot→feet;formula→formulae/formulas公式;goose→geese;mouse→mice;medium→media/mediums媒介;phenomenon→phenomena现象;tooth→teeth有些名词是单数、复数不分的例:deer;fish;cannon;sheep;Chinese;Japanese另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例:clothes;police;shorts短裤;scissors剪刀;trousers长裤;wages工资一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词例:abscence;clothing;film;help;furniture家具;machinery机械;news;scenery风景;sugar;traffic交通另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。例:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式,如furniture,anger,laughter,water等。一般说来,表示物质,材料之类的物质名词和表示状态,行为,品质等抽象概念的抽象名词都是不可数名词。在特殊情况下它们也可以作可数名词。使用名词单复数时应注意的事项1)表示不可数名词量的概念,要使用单位名词。例如,abarofchocolate,apieceoffurniture,aloftofbread,apieceofadvice,apieceofnews,adropofwater.2)某些数量词语只能修饰可数名词,如many,few,afew,alargenumberof,agoodmanyof等。3)某些数量词语只能修饰不可数名词,如much,little,alittle,lessagreatdealof,alargenumberof,aquantityof等。4)某些数量词语既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词,如some,plentyof,lotsof,alotof,apercentageof5)有些名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义times时代,works著作,papers论文greens蔬菜regards问候goods货物6)有些名词常用复数形式衣着类:trousersclothesshoesglovesjeansspectacles眼镜由两个对称部分构成的工具类名词:scissors,glasses,compasses圆规这两者可用apairof修饰例如:Thispairoftrousersismine.7)以s结尾,但不是复数news,ics结尾的表示某一门学科,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。8.物质名词和抽象名词通常作不可数名词,但有时也可作可数名词,作可数名词时,它们都表示较为具体的概念。物质名词可以表示由该物质构成的物品,或表示物质的类型,品种及物质的量等,而抽象名词可以表示原因,动作情况或表某种品质,特征等。请看以下例句:Nowpeopleareeatingmorefruitthanbefore.(fruit作不可数名词)现在人们吃水果比以前多了。Variousfruitsareavailableintheshop.(fruit作可数名词)商店里能买到各种水果。Recentlywehavehadmuchrain.(rain作不可数名词)近来雨下得很多。Therewasaheavyrainlastnight.(rain作可数名词)昨晚下了一场大雨。Ex.1.Theyliketoraisemany_____ontheirfarm.a.sheepsb.deersc.oxesd.chickens2.Therearemany______onthewall.a.picturesb.picturec.photod.aphoto3.Wethinkhehasaveryhappy______.a.familyb.familiesc.housed.houses4.Thestudyof_____canbeveryinteresting.a.historyb.historiesc.ahistoryd.thehistory5.Theyhaveremoved_____ofhishouse.a.thefurituresb.furituresc.thefurnitured.afurniture6.Theyliketoeat_____ofthecity.a.fishandbeefb.fishesandbeefc.fishandbeefsd.fishesandbeefs7.Her