DCPART_III_THE_LITERATURE_OF_ROMANTICISM

TheLiteratureofRomanticismPARTIIITHELITERATUREOFROMANTICISMHistoricalIntroductionRomanticismTranscendentalismRomanticWritersPARTIIITheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticismEarly1800s-1865CasparDavidFriedrichTheLiteratureofRomanticismTheRomanticPeriodTimeSpanTheRomanticperiodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwithWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBook«见闻札记»andendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass«草叶集».I.HistoricalIntroduction(p52-55)PopulationSurge：WestwardMovement:PoliticalDemocracy:EconomicandScientificDevelopment:Society:simplelife;differentreligion;movementsforcivilrightsEducationImprovement:theenactmentofcompulsoryschoolattendancelaws，literacyrisenLiteraryIndependence:bigcompensationformagazinecontributors/Longfellow,Cooper,ect.7,000,000→31,000,000thewestasasectionalpowertheceasingofvotingrestrictionscausingtheenlargedgapbetweentherichandthepoor2.GeneralCharacteristicsP55AmericanRomanticwritingsasbeingderivative–Emphasisontheimaginativeandemotionalqualityofliterature–Advocationoffreeexpressionofemotionsanddisplayofthepsychicstatesofthecharacters–Fascinationaboutthepastandtheexotic2.GeneralCharacteristicsAmericanRomanticwritingsonthenativegroundNationalexperienceof“pioneeringintothewest”Theroleofnature/AmericanlandscapePuritanmoralityTranscendentalphilosophy3.Majortopics1)NewEnglandTranscendentalism2)Romanticism3)AmericanWestwardExpansion4)Gothicnovel4.principalliteraryforms:novels,shortstories,poemsTheLiteratureofRomanticismII.RomanticismDefinitionCharacteristicsAmericanRomanticismI.WhatisRomanticismSimplyspeaking,Romanticismisaliterarymovementwhichflourishedasaculturalforcethroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod.Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart.Romanticism,atermthatisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,iscontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalismIII.SummitofRomanticism:AmericanTranscendentalismAsaschoolofphilosophy,itreferstoakindofattitudethatbelievesintherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthesensesorlogicandreceivesdirectlyhighertruthsandgreaterknowledgedeniedtoothermethodsofknowingIII.SummitofRomanticism:AmericanTranscendentalismInAmericanliterature,itreferstoamovementthatbeganinNewEnglandaround1830,thespokesmanofwhichisRalphWaldoEmerson.itisawayofknowingthebeliefthatmanintuitivelytranscendsthelimitofthesensesandoflogic.ItisRomanticismonPuritansoilanditmarksthesummitofAmericanRomanticPeriod/RenaissanceThemajorfeatures:①thetranscendentalistsputemphasisonthespirit,ortheOversoul(超灵)asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.②transcendentalistsstressedtheprimacyoftheindividual.③Theprimacyofnature:transcendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofthespiritofGodortheSpiritInfluenceItservedasanguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesoftraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanRenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.IV.CLASSIFICATIONOFWRITERSAmericanRomanticismIrvingCooperNewEnglandTranscendentalismEmersonThoreauLateRomanticismHawthorneMelvilleThreePoetsBryantPoeLongfellowWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)Hisfame•“thefirstAmericantoachieveinternationalliteraryreputation”TheSketchBook见闻札记•“FatheroftheAmericanliterature/shortstory”•“TheAmericanGoldsmith”HisWorksa)AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynastybyDiedrichKnickerbockerb)aclassicofhumor《纽约外史》TheSketchBook《见闻札记》TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving’sTheSketchBook,whichisacollectionofessays,sketches,andtales.ItalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.b)TheSketchBook•“RipVanWinkle”•“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》《瑞普·凡·温克尔》c)BracebridgeHall1822d)OliverGoldsmith1840e)LifeofGeorgeWashington1855-1859《布雷斯布里奇庄园》《哥尔德斯密斯》《华盛顿传》Style–beautifulgentility,pleasantnessofIrving“Thestyleistheman.”avoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertainingenvelopingstoriesinanatmospherevividandtruecharactershumour–smilingwhilereadingmusicallanguage“theAmericanGoldsmith”:themodelforChinesestudentsofEnglishtoimproveone’swrittenEnglishTheLiteratureofRomanticism“TheAuthor’sAccountofHimself”作者自序Asreflectedinthefirstsentence,“Iwasalwaysfondofvisitingnewscenes,andobservingstrangecharactersandmanners.”(p63),Irvinghasastrongdesiretoprobeintoanewandstrangedomain,inclusiveofvigorousAmericaandancientEurope.Hepraisesthemasthefollowing:“Mynativecountrywasfullofyouthfulpromise;”becauseofitsfreshnature,“Europewasrichintheaccumulatedtreasuresofage”(p64),becauseofitsmasterpiecesofart.Notonlyallthese,butalsothegreatfiguresoftheworld,comesintohisvision.Alltheseexperiencespreparesfullyforthecompositionofhissketchbookofshortstories,hisbiographyandhishistory.“RipVanWinkle”IaGermansourceProtagonist:RipVanWinkle(hischaracterfullyde