语法--英语词性分类及用法

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词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党China中国代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序one一first第一形容词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全great伟大副词Adverb(adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦here这里冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb(v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃have有介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。。。。。。下in在。。。。。。里连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but但是感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂why呃,嘿1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:apple2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family(以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work,happiness情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-mapsbag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watchesce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esbaby---babies1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianosradio---radioszoo---zoos;b.加es,如:potato—potatoestomato—tomatoes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数;去f,fe加-ves,如:half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves;1)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseflowerflowers找规律watchesfactory-factoriesleaf--leavesboxes找规律tomatoespotatoesheroes不规则变化child--childrenwoman--womendeersheepman--mengoose--geese根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1.Differentpeoplemayhavedifferent_____.(idea)2.Ioftengotoworkon.(foot)3.Iknowoneofthe.(boy)4.Mr.Browniswearingapairof.(glass)5.Pleasegivethemtheir.(photo)6.Arethereanyinthebox?(watch)7.Therearetwelveinayear.(month)8.Wouldyoulikesome?(tomato)9.Lookatthoseintheboats!(people)10.Look!Thearesinging.(woman)11.September10thisDay.(teacher)12.Jimhassome.(knife)13.Howmucharethese?(vegetable)14.Myschoolistwenty________walkfromhere.(minute)15.Thegirlunderthetreeisafriendof________.(Lucy)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenTeachers’knivesvegetablesminutes’Lucy’s代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。数单数复数单数复数格主格主格宾格宾格第一人称Iwemeus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheittheyHimheritthem通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg.Heismyfriend.It‘sme.TheyarefromChina.Shelentmeabook.Iloveit.Areyouinterestedinthem?数单数复数人称一二三一二三形物myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名物mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg.Ilikehiscar.Ourschoolishereandtheirsisthere.Thisisyourpicture.Andthatismine.单数复数thisthatthesethoseEg.Thatisagoodidea.Ilovethosebookinblue.Thesepeoplearemyfriends.单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody,something,noone。Whatareyou?Whoishiscoat?Whosebagisthis?Whichdoyouprefer?Theblueoneorthewhiteone?Couldyoutellmewhatishisname?MotheraskedwhichoneIwanted.1.______(我)amaworker._______(你)areadoctor._______(她)isateacher.2.Thisis_____(他的)shirt.3.Thisis__________(我的)pen.4._________(他们的)trousersarethere.5.Ilikethispicture.Pleasegive________(它)to_____(我).6.Peopleget________(他们的)moneyfrom_________(我).7._______(他们)arenewstudents._______(他们的)namesareLucyandLily.8.Theseare_______(我们的)shoes.Can______(我们)wear______(它们).9.Thank_______for_______(你的)help.10._______(他)loves_______(她),and_______(她)loves_______(他),too.11._______(我)love_________(你),and________(你)love_______(我),too.IYoumyhisSheTheirtheirmeitTheyTheirmeourmethemweHeyouryouyouyouherIhimshe用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。作用例句定语Youcanseealotofbeautifulflowersinthegarden.表语Yourcoatistoosmall.宾语补足语Theoldwomankeepseverythingcleanandtidy.注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afraid,asleep等。例如:Theoldmanisalone.2.形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。You’dbettertellussomethinginteresting.一.以-ly结尾的形容词1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质,类别--名词asmallroundtable;atallgraybuilding;adirtyoldbrownshirt;afamousGermanmedicalschool副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词一、副词的位置1.在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。Thegirldancesverywell.2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。Heangrilyclosedthedoor.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前Wehavealreadyreadthebook.1、时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.注意:1副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)IverylikeEnglish.(对)IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意:2副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。Idon'tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.动词的分类1根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:Wehavelunchat12.Iamhungry.Shedidn’tknowhim.Youcanswim.1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,2)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主

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