French and English during Norman Conquest诺曼征服时期的英语

FrenchandEnglishDuringNormanConquestcontents1.TheHistoryBackground1.1TheNormans1.2TheNormanConquest2.LanguageContactDuringNormanConquest2.1TheDominationofFrenchinEngland2.2FusionoftheFrenchandEnglishOverTime2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishamongtheUpperClass2.2.2KnowledgeofFrenchamongtheMiddleClass3.AboutLoanwordsFromFrench3.1BorrowingWordsShowFrenchCulture’sInfluenceonBritishCulture3.2BorrowingWordsShowtheImprovementofNationalRelationship4.Whydidn’tFrenchReplaceEnglish5.Conclusion•TheNormansweredescendedfromNorseViking(北欧海盗).•Early10thCentury，theycameandsettledinnorthernFrance,whichwascalledNormandy.•TheythemselvescametobecalledtheNormans,meaningNorthman.TheyadoptedtheFrenchlanguageandFrenchcivilization.1.HistoryBackground1.1TheNormans•EdwardtheConfessor(1042—1066)−theEnglishKing–diedin1066withoutanheir–threeclaimantstothethrone•Harold（哈罗德）—theking'swife'sbrother.•William—DukeofNormandy,Edward'scousin•Harald（哈拉尔德）—KingofNorway1.2TheNormanConquest•William,theDukeofNormany-----winnerTheNormanConquestWilliamwasmadeking,crownedinwestinsterAbbeyonChristmasDay,1066.2.LanguageContactDuringNormanConquest2.1TheDominationofFrenchinEnglandEliteReplacement：EliminatingtheoldEnglisharistocracyRemovingnativesfromhighgovernmentalandecclesiasticaloffice•Frist,asrulers,theyweresufficientlypredominanttocontinuetousetheirownlanguage.•second,theroyalfamilywerecontinentallyminded.TheyfeltmorecloselyattachedtotheirhometownthantoEngland.Evidence:WilliamtheConquerorburiedinNormandy,hedividedhispossessionsathisdeath,givingNormandytohiseldestson,andEnglandtohissecondson.ExceptforHenryI,noEnglishkingtillEdwardIV(1461-1483)soughtawifeinEngland.•Mostimportantly,thekingandthenoblesoftenhadtogobacktohandleaffairsinNormandy.TheyspentlesstimeinEngland.•ForalmostthreehundredyearsFrenchwastheofficiallanguageofadministration:itwasthelanguageofking'scourt,thelawcourts,thechurch,thearmyandetc.•Theintellectuallife,literatureandeducationwereinthehandsofFrench-speakingpeople.•French,alongsideLatin,wasthelanguageofwriting.•WhileEnglishwasreducedEnglishasatongueusedonlybycommonilliteratepeopleandnotfitforwriting.2.1TheDominationofFrenchinEngland2.2FusionoftheFrenchandEnglishOverTime•ItisunreasonabletoexpectaconqueredpeopletofeelnoresentmentortheNormannevertobehaughtyoroverbearing.•Inalongperiodoftimeaftertheconquest,EnglishandFrenchwerelanguagesoftwodistinctethnicgroups,thetwolanguagesexistedsidebysidewithoutmingling.•Then,slowlytheybegantopermeateeachother.2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishAmongtheUpperClass•FrenchwasthelanguageofthecourtandtheupperclasswhileEnglishwasthelanguageofcommonpeople.•SoitmaybelikelythatmanyoftheupperclasswouldknowsomeEnglishwhentheyruledthecountryofwhichgreaterpartofthepopulationspeakEnglish.2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishAmongtheUpperClass•ItisreasonabletoassumethataFrenchsoldiersettledonamanorwithafewhundredEnglishpeasantswouldsoonlearnthelanguageofthepeopleamongwhomhislotwascast.Evidence2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishAmongtheUpperClass•HenryIIhimselfunderstoodEnglishthoughhedidnotspeakit,whereashiswifealwayrequiredaninterpreterwhenpeoplespokeEnglishtoher.Evidence2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishAmongtheUpperClass•Englishsurvivedforaconsiderabletimeinsomemonasteries,atleastuntil1154.•AmongchurchmentheabilitytospeakEnglishwasfairlycommon.Forexample,thebishopofLondon,amanofNormandescent,wasfluentinEnglish,inadditiontoFrenchandLatin.Evidence2.2.1KnowledgeofEnglishAmongtheUpperClass•Fromtheseinstances,wecanknowthataknowledgeofEnglishwasnotuncommon,thoughnotuniversalamongtheUpperClassattheendofthetwelfthcentury.Conclusion4.KnowledgeofFrenchAmongtheMiddleClass•WehavementionedthatbytheendofthetwelfthcenturytheknowledgeofEnglishwasnotunusualamongmembersofthehighestclass,itseemsequallyclearthattheknowledgeofFrenchwasoftenfoundsomewhatfurtherdowninthesocialscale-----theMiddleClass-----whowerebroughtintoassociationwiththegoverningclass4.KnowledgeofFrenchAmongtheMiddleClass•AmongtheknightlyclassFrenchseemstohavebeencultivatedevenwhenthemothertonguewasEnglish.InthereignofHenryIIaknightinEnglandgotamanfromNormandytoteachhissonFrench.AnabilitytospeakFrenchwasexpectedamongthisclass.Evidence•Inmanytowns,especiallyinimportanttradingcenters,menwithNormannameswerethemostprominentburgesses(市民)andprobablyconstitutedamajorityofthemerchantclass.4.KnowledgeofFrenchAmongtheMiddleClassEvidenceFrenchwasusedbythemerchantmiddleclassasalanguageofbusinesscommunication,especiallywhenittradedwiththecontinent4.KnowledgeofFrenchAmongtheMiddleClassEvidence•Amongmenoflowerrank,whosepositionbroughtthemintocontactwithboththeupperandthelowerclass,stewards(管家）andbailiffs（法警）,theabilitytospeakEnglishaswellasFrenchmusthavebeenquitegeneral.•InfactaknowleageofFrenchmaysometimeshaveextendedtothefreetenants(佃户).4.KnowledgeofFrenchAmongtheMiddleClass•Therewaslikewiseaconsiderablenumberwhowerebilingualaswellasmanywhohadsomeunderstandingofbothlanguageswhilespeakingonlyone.Amongpeopleaccustomedtolearnmorethroughtheearthanthroughtheeye,learningasecondlanguagepresentsnogreatproblem.Conclusion3.AboutLoanwords•Englishch