spa1 社会心理学与健康

AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.SocialPsychologyinAction1SocialPsychologyandHealthAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.PowerPointPresentationPreparedByFredW.WhitfordMontanaStateUniversityAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.ChapterOutlineI.StressandHumanHealthAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealthStresscanaffectthebodyindramaticways.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•EffectsofNegativeLifeEventsResearchfindsthattheamountofstressinaperson’slifecorrelateswithanxietyandillness;however,thisiscorrelationalresearch,andvariablesnotmeasuredbytheresearchersmayaccountforthefindings.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•PerceivedStressandHealthAnotherproblemwiththemethodoftryingtoquantifystressintermsoflifechangeunitsisthatitignoressubjectiveinterpretationsofevents.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•PerceivedStressandHealthAccordingtoLazarus(1966,1993,2000),itissubjectiveandnotobjectivestressthatcausesproblems.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•PerceivedStressandHealthInthismodel,stresscanbedefinedasthenegativefeelingsandbeliefsthatoccurwheneverpeoplefeeltheycannotcopewithdemandsfromtheirenvironment.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•PerceivedStressandHealthCohen,Tyrrell,andSmith(1991,1993)demonstratedthatsubjectivelevelsofstresspredictwhowillcatchthecommoncold.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•PerceivedStressandHealthAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlOneofthethingsthatdetermineswhetherornotpeopleinterpretasituationasstressfulishowmuchcontroltheyfeeltheyhaveoverevents.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlPerceivedcontrol,orthebeliefthatwecaninfluenceourenvironmentinwaysthatdeterminewhetherweexperiencepositiveornegativeoutcomes,isimportantindependentofthedegreeofactualcontrolthatwehave.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlPerceivedcontrolgenerallyisassociatedwithbetterhealthandadjustmenttoillness.However,whencontrolisemphasizedtoomuch,peoplecanblamethemselvesfortheirillnessortheinabilitytoregaintheirhealth,whichaddstothetragedy.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlLangerandRodin’s(1977)nursinghomestudyemphasizesthevalueofboostingpeople’sfeelingsofcontrol.Increasingthecontrolfeltbynursinghomeresidentsresultedinbetterhealthandlowermortalityratescomparedtothoseinacomparisoncondition.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlHowever,theresultsofSchulzandHanusa’s(1978)studyunderscorethattemporaryincreasesinperceivedcontrolcanbemoreharmfulthangood.Increasingtheamountofcontrolnursinghomeresidentsfeltandthentakingtheircontrolawayresultedinworsehealthandhighermortalityratescomparedtothoseinacomparisoncondition.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlTherelationshipbetweenperceivedcontrolandhealthmaybestrongerformembersofWesternculturesthanformembersofAsiancultures.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•FeelinginCharge:TheImportanceofPerceivedControlAlthoughexaggeratingthesenseofperceivedcontrolcanbedangerous,Thompsonandcolleagues(1993)reportthatitisbettertoperceivecontroloversomething,evenifitisnotthediseaseitself.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•KnowingYouCanDoIt:Self-EfficacySelf-efficacyisthebeliefinone’sabilitytocarryoutspecificactionsthatproducedesiredoutcomes.Self-efficacyincreasesthelikelihoodthatpeoplewillbehaveinhealthierwaysbyincreasingpeople’spersistenceatataskandbyinfluencingtheirbodies’reactionswhileworkingtowardgoals.Peoplewithhighself-efficacyexperiencelessanxietyandtheirimmunesystemfunctionsoptimallywhenworkingondifficulttasks.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•KnowingYouCanDoIt:Self-EfficacyAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHealth•ExplainingNegativeEvents:LearnedHelplessnessAnotherimportantdeterminantofhowmuchstresspeoplewillsubjectivelyexperiencefromnegativelifeeventsishowtheyexplaintheeventtothemselves.AronsonSocialPsychology,5/eCopyright©2005byPrentice-Hall,Inc.StressandHumanHe