Howtowriteanargumentation(如何书写议论文)第一组:曹世江学号:2015221166一、议论文的定义、三要素五、模板和范文二、论证方法、写作流程四、议论文写作技巧三、议论文写作结构一、什么是议论文:议论文是通过议论或说理来表达自己的见解和主张,用来论述某个道理、阐述某种观点的一种文体.作者对某一问题持有某种看法,为了使读者同意自己的观点,或是驳斥别人的错误观点,提出若干理由,用来支撑自己的观点.基本要求:议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、逻辑严密。议论文三要素1、论点(thetopic):作者对议论的问题所持的见解和主张,即最终要支持和证明的对象;一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点.论点一般在开头提出,然后加以论证.2、论据(argument):用来证明论点的事实和依据,论据必须让人觉得真实、可信,能够充分证明论点并且要具有典型性,新颖性。尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据,一般是以事实为论据,也可以利用成语,格言,名人名言等作为论据.3、论证(demonstration):是用论据证明论点的过程,也就是论述的方法。议论文常用的写作方法有:归纳法、推理法、对照法、驳论法、例证法、引证法等等。人们常用的方法是例证法,即举出比较典型的事例进行说理;对照法,即把正反两方面相互对照,然后加以分析,以说明事物;驳论法:先列出错误观点,然后加以逐条批驳,最后阐明自己的观点。二、论证方法、写作流程常用对照句型:◆IncontrasttoA,Bis...◆Ontheonehand,A...,whileontheotherhand,B...◆AandBaresimiliarin...◆Somestudentsthinkit’sagoodideato...,Onthecontrary,theotherstudentsare...◆审题analyze◆构思conception◆列提纲outline◆写作writing◆检查check审题、构思和列提纲最好控制在5分钟以内,写作20~25分钟,检查留3分钟左右。三、议论文写作结构1、引言(introduction)3、结论(conclusion)2、主体段(mainbody)1、引言(introduction)在引言段中就必须简单解释要讨论的问题,并明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支持什么,反对什么等。Example:(提出问题)Thereiscurrentlymuchdiscussionaboutwhetherstudentsshouldstayintheirownclassroomsornotduringbreaktimes.(表明观点)PersonallyIbelievethatstudentscanneverbekeptintheclassroomsbetweenclasses.2、主体段(mainbody)主体段是议论的过程,必须有足够的证据(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点.主要的方法:a.阐述理由;b.分析利弊;c.提出举措;d.列举实例Example:Wespendalmostthewholedayinourclassroom,andbreaktimes(课间休息时间)aretheonlytimethatwecanrelaxforawhile.Itmaybecomeverytedious(沉闷的)tostaythereforalongtimewithoutarest.3.结论(conclusion)结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章.同时要注意与引言段呼应,但不能照搬前的原话.Example:Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemaysafelydrawaconclusionthatitwouldmakebreaktimeshappierformoreandmorestudentsiftheywereallowedtochoosewheretheyspenttheirtime.四、议论文写作技巧◆应用修辞,增强说服力◆表达到位,才能看得明白◆简洁洗练,要点不繁杂◆多用书面语,少用口头语◆正确使用连接词◆应用修辞,增强说服力适当采用比喻、夸张等修辞手法,采用幽默、平行结构等写作手法,可以把道理说得更加透彻,把观点表达得更加鲜明,把平淡的内容表现得更加生动,从而更好地传递信息,增添文采,激发读者的共鸣。Example:Thereareonlytwocreaturesintheworldwhocansurmountthepyramids—theeagleandthesnail.(夸张)世界上能跨越金字塔的生物只有两种—雄鹰和蜗牛。Thechildrenwasasbusyasbees,makingpreparationsforthefestival.(比喻)孩子们准备过节忙得像蜜蜂一样。◆表达到位,才能看得明白通常,作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的,但在将观点传达给读者时,往往因为用词不准确,逻辑欠严密,或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位,结果使读者不知所云。Example:TheygavemewhatIneed,butnotwhatIwant.改为:TheyhavegivenmewhatIneedbutnotWhatIamaskingfor.◆简洁洗练,要点不繁杂语言简洁有力,文章干净利落,是议论文的重要特征之一。写作时,只要力求做到“章无冗段,段无冗句,句无冗词”,就可改变拖泥带水的现象。Example:Therearenogoodreasonstoexpiainwhyboysandgirlsshouldnotbetreatedequally.改为:Boysandgirlsshouldbegivenequaltreatment.◆多用书面语,少用口头语相对口头语而言,书面语更能增添文章的厚重感和读者对文章的信任感。Example:Everythinghastwosidesandthisproblemisquitethesame.Everythinghastwosidesandthisissueisnotanexception.◆正确使用连接词在句子间使用连接词,能使文章脉络更加清晰,逻辑关系更加流畅。Example:1、Thewaterwaspolluted.Asaresult(表因果),thefishdied.2、However(表转折),othersthinkweshouldhavejunkfood.Firstandforemost/besides/lastbutnot(the)least;Ontheonehand/ontheotherhandFirstly-secondly-thirdly;Inthefirstplace—inthesecondplace—inthethirdplace;Tobeginwith/then/furthermore/finally;Tostartwith/next/inaddition/finally;表结论:onthewhole,ingeneral,inbrief,toend/sumup,toconclude,inconclusion,inshort,insummary等。Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometo/drawtheconclusionthat...表因果:as,asaresult,becauseof,for,dueto,owingto,thanksto...表意见:inone’sopinion,frommyperspective,asfarasIamconcerned,myidea/viewis,itstrikesmethat,frommypoint,personally...表比较:unlike,inthesameway,onthecontrary,differentfrom,incontrastto...五、模板和范文在英语六级中常考的议论文有“评论型”和“解释型”的,所论述的问题一般都与名言哲理类有关,通常给出一句简单的话作为要评论或解释的对象。1、评论型议论文(一)题型特点:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying/remark/proverb“Asmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeople.’’Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleastl50wordsbutnomorethan200words.(二)写作模板:第一段:①引言;②通俗含义;③有何启发Asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):①———.Inotherwords/Toputitanotherway,②———;Simpleasthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationmaysound,itconveysathought-provokingnotion/messagethat③———.★Asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):———.可以替换为:——(主语),asthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes),谓语+宾语。第二段:论据支持①论据一;②论据二;③举例Firstandforemost,①———.Inaddition,②———.Forinstance,③———.如果担心字数不够可以在Firstandforemost前面加上Twoargumentscanbelistedtosupportthisview/Reasonscanbelistedasfollows:对于词数要求在300以上时,可列举三个论据,举两个例子用开扩充文章。第三段:①名言的意义;②提出建议;③有何好处一般的表达方式:Tosumup/Inconclusion,①———.weshould②———.Onlyin/bythisway,canwe③———.较好地表达方式:Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometo/drawtheconclusionthat+某某的重要性.Hence/Therefore/Consequently,itisadvisable/imperative/essentialfor...todo...AsmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeopleAsthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationhasit(goes):①Asmileistheshortestdistancebetweentwopeople.Inotherwords/Toputitanotherway,②asmilecouldserveasabridgetoshortenthedistancebetweentwohearts;Simpleasthesaying/remark/proverb/quotationmaysound,itconveysathought-provokingnotion/messagethat③Weshouldalwaysbefriendlyandpolitetoothers.Firstandforemost,①asmileprovestobethemosteffectivewaytobreaktheicebetweentwostrangers.Inaddition,②beingfriendlycouldpromotethemutualunderstandingandfriendshipsincetho