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WritingSkillsargumentation构思---分析题型并写出提纲一边讨论（适用于观点类）两边讨论（适用于观点类和讨论类）阐述（适用于问题类）第一段介绍段主体1优点或支持缺点或反对优点或支持缺点或反对原因主体2优点或支持缺点或反对优点或支持缺点或反对影响主体3优点或支持缺点或反对缺点或反对优点或支持措施第五段结论段开头段的写法第一句交代背景+第二句陈述普遍观点+第三句表明个人观点或简述下文Practice1Practice2开头段的写法中间段的写法因果论证法1---thecause-effectpatternStudieshaveshownthateatingthesekindsofmealsonaregularbasiscaneasilyleadtoobesityandheartdisease.Becauseoftheirweightandhealthproblems,thesepeopleareunabletobeproductivemembersofsociety,andinsteadlanguishinhospitalorathome.Therefore,whenincreasingnumbersofpeopledeveloptheseillnesses,theywillbecomeaburdenonthehealthcaresystem.Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.因果论证法1---thecause-effectpatternOnemightwonderwhy,aftertheNormanConquest,Frenchdidnotbecomethenationallanguage,replacingEnglishentirely.ThereasonisthattheConquestwasnotanationalmigration,astheearlierAnglo-Saxoninvasionhadbeen.GreatnumbersofNormanscametoEngland,buttheycameasrulersandlandlords.Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofpolitesociety,thelanguageofliterature.ButitdidnotreplaceEnglishasthelanguageofthepeople.TheremustalwayshavebeenhundredsoftownsandvillagesinwhichFrenchwasneverheardexceptwhenvisitorsofhighstationpassedthrough.因果论证法2---theeffect-causepattern举例论证法1---specifictogeneralBusinessleadersinNewYork,HongKong,Paris,Singapore,andTokyoallreadthesamenewspapers,wearthesamesuits,drivethesamecars,eatthesamefood,flythesameairlines,andstayinthesamehotels.Inshort,thesebusinessleadersfromdifferentcitieshavealotincommon.中间段的写法Knowledgeoftenresultsonlyafterpersistentinvestigation.AlbertEinstein,afteralengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsofmatterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity,whichnowactsasabasisforfurtherresearchinnuclearphysics.Usingplastercastsoffootprints,fingerprints,andstraystrandsofhair,adetectivepertinaciouslypursuesthecriminal.AfteryearsofworkAnnieJumpCannonperfectedtheclassificationofthespectraofsome350,000stars.Investigationsintothecausesofpoliohaveprovideduswiththemeansforpreventionandcureofthisdreadeddiseaseonlyaftermanyyearsofresearch.Asstudents,wetooaredeterminedinourinvestigationtofind,retain,andcontributetothestoreofhumanknowledge.举例论证法2---generaltospecificTherearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.举例论证法2---generaltospecific表示举例的句型或短语forinstance;totakesth./sb.asanexample;sth./sb.isagoodcaseinpoint;Theremightbenobetterexampleof…thansb./sth.对比论证法1---blockcontrastThereisanessentialdifferencebetweenanewsstory,asunderstoodbyanewspapermanorawire-servicewriter,andthenewsmagazinestory.Thechiefpurposeoftheconventionalnewsstoryistotellwhathappened.Itstartswiththemostimportantinformationandcontinuesintoincreasinglyinconsequentialdetails,notonlybecausethereadermaynotreadbeyondthefirstparagraphbutbecauseaneditorworkingongalleyproofsafewminutesbeforepresstimelikestobeabletocutfreelyfromtheendofthestory.Anewsmagazineisverydifferent.Itiswrittentobereadconsecutivelyfrombeginningtoend,andeachofitsstoriesisdesigned,followingthecriticaltheoriesofEdgarAllenPoe,tocreateoneemotionaleffect.Thenews,whathappenedthatweek,mybetoldinthebeginning,themiddle,ortheend;forthepurposeisnottothrowinformationatthereaderbuttoseducehimintothewholestory,andintoacceptingthedramatic(andoftenpolitical)pointbeingmade.中间段的写法对比论证法2---alternatingcomparisonThesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,andhospitalpatientscanalso.Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciativehouseguest,andthehospitalstaffisnoexception.Houseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayaboutpatientsintheircare.Justashouseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,sopatientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.中间段的写法(1)表示比较的结构：Aisconsiderably/much/quitealot/rather/somewhat/abit/alittle/slightly/hardly+形容词的比较级Compare/contrastAwithB...ThecomparisonbetweenAandBisthat...(2)表示相同或相似点的表达：Aisexactly(moreorless/precisely/just/almost/nearly)thesameas/like/similartoB.AandBarethesame/alike/similar.AresemblesBin...BothAandB/NeitherAnorB...Likewise,similarly,as...a