Morphology词法,词态学

MorphologyChapter3目录1Openclass&Closedclass2Morphemes3Derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes4Morphologicalrulesofwordformation5Derivation678IntroductionCompoundsAnalyzingwordstructures3.1IntroductionWhatisthemostimportantpartofalanguage?WordsWordscarrymeaning.Theyarethefundamentalbuildingblocksofalanguage.Sentencesaremadeupwithdifferentclassesofwords.WhatisMorphology?Morphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.Countlesswordsarestructuredandcanbecomprehendedbytheapplicationofgeneralrulesofwordconstitution.readReading-roomReading-glassreaderreadablereadabilityreading3.20penClassandClosedClassOpenclasswordsnewwordscanbeaddedtothisclassNounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsfewwordscanbeaddedtothisclassClosedclasswordsConjunctionsPrepositionArticlesPronouns3.3Morphemes——theminimalunitsofmeaningWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.FreeForm:anelementthathavenottooccurinafixedpositionwithrespecttoitsneighboringelements.Itcanoccurinisolation.Example:Theboysleft-scannotbeseperatedfromthenountowhichitbelongs.So:Wordshavetheinternalstructure.(consistofsmallerunitsorganizedinaparticularway.)Morpheme1.Themostimportantcomponentofawordstructure.2.Thesmallestunitofaword.3.Carryinginformationmeaningandfunction.Readerread-erMorpheme1.meaning+astretchofsound2.arbitrary:like“abook”,wecansayitindifferentlanguage.Sothere’snothingnaturalconnectionbetweenthesoundandthemeaningofaword.DistinguishSimplewords:wordscontainasinglemorpheme.Complexwords:wordscontaintwoorthreemorpheme.Freemorpheme:canbeawordbyitself.Boundmorpheme:mustbeattachedtoanotherone.ExampleBoy:isafreeorboundmorpheme(boys)Allomorphs:thevariantformsofamorphemearecalleditsallophemesThemorphemeusedtoexpressindefinitenesshastwoforms:“a”forconsonant/”an”forvowel.Sound:Booksbagsjudges3.4AnalyzingwordstructuresHowtoanalyzetheinternalstructureofwords?1.Indentifythefirsteachofthecomponentmorphemes.2.Classifythemintermsoftheircontributionstothemeaningandfunctionsofthelargerword.RootsandaffixesarootmorphemeComplexwordsoneormoreaffixesRootsthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.Theytypicallybelongtoalexicalcategory,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,orprepositions.Affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategory,alwaysboundmorphemes.NVAfteacher3.5Derivationalandinflectionalmorphemesderivationalmorphemeswhenconjoinedtoothermorphemes(orwords),newwordsarederived,orformed.-en,-ate,and-ic.noun---adjective:affection+atealcohol+icOtherderivationalmorphemesdonotchangegrammaticalclass,asininter+collegiatemacro+ecomomicstele+commutemulti+mediaphysic+ianAmeric+antour+isminflectionalmorphemesThinking:Whatarethemeaningoftoanditinthefollowingsentence?1.Theyareplanningtocomputerizetheirentireaccountingsystem.2.Itiswettoday.3.Cathyfounditexcitingtodriveontheelevatedroad.lexicalmeaning?Tohasonlyagrammaticalmeaningasaninfinitivemarker.Itisrequiredbythesyntacticrulesofthelanguage.Similarly,boundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.Suchboundmorphemesarecalledinflectionalmorphemes.Johnhasnoticedthechangeinhisfriend.Ashewaswalkingtothestation,heniticedoneofhisformersupervisors.1.morpheme2.morpologicalrules3.productivemorpologicalrules4.lessproductivemorphologicalrulesMorphologicalrulesInlinguistics,amorphemeisthesmallestgrammaticalunitinalanguage.Inotherwords,itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Thefieldofstudydedicatedtomorphemesiscalledmorphology.Amorphemeisnotidenticaltoaword,andtheprincipaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthatamorphememayormaynotstandalone,whereasaword,bydefinition,isfreestanding.Whenitstandsbyitself,itisconsideredarootbecauseithasameaningofitsown(e.g.themorphemecat)andwhenitdependsonanothermorphemetoexpressanidea,itisanaffixbecauseithasagrammaticalfunction(e.g.the–sincatstospecifythatitisplural).Morpologicalrules:wefindperfectEnglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes.Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorpologicalrules.un+accept+ableun+impeach+ableun+inhabit+ableSomeofthemorphologicalrulescanbeusedfreelytoformnewwords,wecallthemproductivemorphologicalrules.sad→unsad?brave→unbrave?abridge→unabridgetheruleseemstobefreelyapplicabletoanadjectivalformderivedfromaverb.(lessproductive.)Derivation1.Derivation2.Affixation3.SuffixesV-AV-NV-AN-NN-AN-VA-N4.PrefixV-VV-VV-VN-NA-ADeravitonisanaffixationalprocessthatformsawordwithameaningand/orcategorydistinctfromthatofitsbases.Anaffix(inmodernsense)isamorphemethatisattachedtoawordstemtoformanewword.Affixesmaybederivational,likeEnglish-nessandpre-,orinflectional(grammaticalfunction)likeEnglishplural-sandpasttense-ed.Theyareboundmorphemesbydefinition;prefixesandsuffixesmaybeseparableaffixes.Affixationis,thus,thelinguisticprocessspeakersusetoformdifferentwordsbyaddingmorphemes(affixes)atthebeginning(prefixation),themiddle(infixation)ortheend(suffixation)ofwords.Suffixes-ableV-Aemend-emendable-alV-Ndispose-disposal-fulN-Nmouth-mouthfulPreffixDe-V-Vmystify-demystifyspecialconstraintsandrestrictionseg:-ant.V-Nassist→assistantcombat→combat