直译和意译

一）Literaltranslation,freetranslation•1）Literaltranslation直译•直译(Literaltranslation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.•第一位：忠于原文内容；•第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。•第三位：通顺的译文形式。•汉译英:感：sense•责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感，•Asenseofresponsibility,Asenseofsafety,Asenseofinferiority,Asenseofsuperiority,•节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感，•Asenseofrhythm,Asenseofjustice,Asenseofshame,Asenseofhumor,•无助感，方向感，紧迫感，•Asenseofhopelessness,Asenseofdirection,Asenseofurgency,•2）FeaturesofLiteraltranslation•A.tobefaithfultotheoriginalideologicalcontent.Aliteraltranslatormakesgreateffortstotransplanttheoriginalwordorder,sentencestructure,etc,intheTL（targetlanguage）.•B.befaithfultotheformoftheoriginalwork;•ItisoflessimportancefortranslatorstomaintainasmoothTLform;•鲁迅：rathertobefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage).宁其信而不顺•【赵景琛：rathertobesmooth(inlanguage)thanfaithful(inthought).宁其顺而不信】•注意•1)Aqualifiedtranslationmustbenotonlyfaithfulinthoughtbutsmoothinlanguage,whichisabasicdemandofatranslator.•2)literaltranslation&word-for-wordtranslation•3)literaltranslation&deadtranslation•3）Whenshouldwedependon直译法?•（1）Commoncivilizationcore,某些习语和短语的翻译,例如：•coldwar冷战•hotline热线•hotgirlsincoolsuit,spicygirl辣妹•Hot-sellingbooks热销书/畅销书•blackmarket黑市•pillarindustry支柱产业•Bloodisthickerthanwater.血浓于水•（2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如：•1)Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,andeverynowandthenwipedhiscrocodiletearswithabighandkerchief.•他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。•2)TheSenateForeignRelationsCommitteetodayextendedtheolivebranchtotheClintonGovernmentbypleadingforcooperationindevelopingforeignpolicy.•参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。•3)Inthecourtaction,Alainspranghistrumpcardbycallingasurprisewitness.•在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌——请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)•4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。•Bosomfriendstherearewithinfourseas,eventheremotestregionsarelikecloseneighbors•Abosomfriendafarbringsadistantlandnear.•Inwinethereistruth.酒后吐真言。•（3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使译文显得通顺自然。•例如：•1)“Merry”,asyoumayknow,hastwomeanings:happyanddrunk.•你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。••2)I'llalwaysrememberThanksgivingsasthetimesweategoodfood,sangold-fashionedsongs,andsharedalotoflovewithfamilyandfriends.•我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。toshowone’scards摊牌•shuttlediplomacy•穿梭外交•agentleman’sagreement•君子协定•tostrikesomebodywhenheisunprepared•攻其不备•Soongot,soongone.•来得容易，去得快。•Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.•雄辩是银，沉默是金。•二、意译法freetranslation•1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。•第一位忠于原文内容•第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心理。通用、联用、惯用•第三位忠于原文形式•Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.•约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。•例证分析•三口之家nuclearfamily•三世同堂theextendedfamilywiththreegenerationsunderthesameroof.•爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我和妈妈衣食无忧。•Deardad,thankyouforyouraffectiononus,yourhardworkalwayskeepsbreadonthetableandroofoverourhead.•bread-winner•2）Featuresoffreetranslation•A.befaithfultotheoriginalideologicalcontent.•B.tomaketheTLformassmoothaspossible•3）使用意译的五个条件：•由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，•1）literaltranswillcausemisunderstanding；•2）anadoptedexpressionhasnottakenrootintheTLsothattheTLreaderswillofferafreeinterpretation；•3）acorrespondingTLformwillmaketheTLversionseriouslyvagueandgloomy；•4）acorrespondingTLformwillmaketheTLversionseriouslyambiguous；•5）acorrespondingTLformwillconflictwiththesociolinguisticnormoftheTLinstyle,communicativemodes,etc.•4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译：•1．包含典故的文化习语：•英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例如：•(1)Twoheadsarebetterthanone.•(2)你不要班门弄斧了.•Remainmodestbeforeanauthority.•Don’tdisplayyouraxeatLuBan’sdoor.•联想对应Don’tteachafishhowtoswim.•Don’tteachyourgrandmotherhowtosuckeggs.•astimidasahare•atastone‘sthrow•wetlikeadrownrat•asstupidasagoose•asstubbornasamule•seekahareinahen‘snest•asdumbasanoyster胆小如鼠一箭之遥湿如落汤鸡蠢得像猪犟得像牛缘木求鱼守口如瓶•leadadog‘slife•过着牛马一样的生活•cryupwineandsellvinegar•挂羊头，卖狗肉•putbacktheclock•开倒车•talkhorse•吹牛•killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs•杀鸡取卵•drinklikeafish•牛饮•Oncethewifeofaparson,alwaysthewifeofaparson.•嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。•LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigsintomarket.•昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。•情人眼里出西施.Loveisblind.•Lovemakesthebelovedlovelyinthelove’seye.•TheMerchantofVenice：Gold/Silver/Leadcassette•美丽的鲍西娅小姐准备了金、银、铅三只盒子，把自己的小肖像藏在铅盒里，前来求婚者如果猜中哪个盒子放有她的肖像，她便嫁给他。摩洛哥王子来了，猜了金盒；阿拉贡亲王来了，猜了银盒。二人都败兴而返。鲍西娅的意中人巴萨尼奥也前来求婚，鲍西娅生怕他猜不着，想给他一点暗示，便在旁边唱起歌来：•Tellmewherefancyisbred,•Orintheheartorinthehead?•Howbegot,hownourished?•Reply,reply•TheMerchantofVenice•Tellmewherefancyisbred,•Orintheheartorinthehead?•Howbegot,hownourished?•Reply,reply.•告诉我爱生在何方•是在脑海，还是在心房？•他怎样产生，又怎样生长？(朱生豪)•尾韵bred／head和铅匣子lead押韵•告诉我何处是爱情的源泉？•是在脑海,还是在心田？•Itisengenderedintheeyes.•爱情在秋波里生长（顾盼生辉）•Withgazingfed,andfancydies•通过顾盼得到生长•Inthecradlewhereitlies.•它躺在摇篮里死亡•Letusallringfancy’sknell•让我们把爱的丧钟敲响•收红包•receiveglovemoney.•ReceivearedenvelopewithsomemoneyinsideasaChineseNewYeargift.•穿新衣•PutonyourSundaybest•说曹操，曹操就到。•Talkofthedevilandhewillappear.•老马识途。•Sensecomeswithage.•一花独放不是春。•Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.•2．英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达.例如：•Everydoghashisday.•人人都有得意的日子。•风水轮着转。三十年河东，三十年河西。•Itisalonglanethathasnoturning.•Oneboy