Black American Literature终稿

BlackAmericanLiteratureOutlineAbriefintroductionThesevenperiodsAuniqueliteraturetiedupwiththeuniqueexperienceofblackpeopleTheirLifeinAfricaTheMiddlePassageTheSlaveryTheEmancipationTheMigrationtotheCitiesTheIntegrationtotheMainstreamTheBlackPowerMovementTheCivilRightsMovementAliteraturedrasticallydifferentfromthemainstreamAmericanliterature•BlackAmericanshavebeenoppressedsohard,andtheydonotwanttotoilinfettersanymore:theywant“togo”,whichisanotherwayofsaying“freedom”and“emancipation”.ThisistheessentialspiritrunningthroughAfricanAmericanliterature.TheDivisionTheVernacularTraditionTheLiteratureofSlaveryandFreedomLiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissanceHarlemRenaissanceRealism,Naturalism,andModernismTheBlackArtsMovementLiteraturesince1970TheVernacularTraditionSpirituals(黑人圣歌)GospelsTheBluesSecularRhymesandSongs,BalladsandWorkSongsJazzRapSermonsFolktalesTheLiteratureofSlaveryandFreedom(1746-1865)•TheracialchauvinismofmostwhiteAmericansintheearlyrepublicforcedaseparationoftheirreligiousandpoliticalresponsibilitiestoblacks.•EarlyAfricanAmericanwritersidentifiedthemasAmericanswithaspecialmission.TheywouldarticulatethespiritualandpoliticalidealsofAmericatoinspireandjustifythestruggleofblacksfortheirbirthrightasAmericancitizens.TheLiteratureofSlaveryandFreedom(1746-1865)FrederickDouglass(1817-1895)MyBondageandMyFreedom(1855)Anautobiography,relates,asitstitlesuggests,thearchetypalstoryofAfricanAmericansescapingfromtheircruelandwickedwhitemasterstoemancipation.LiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissance(1865-1917）Reconstruction(1865-1877)promisedrenewal,butpost-reconstructionnotonlydestroyedwell-wovendreamsbutimposedharshrealities.Thedecadesjustbeforeandafterthestartofthe20thcenturyforAfricanAmericansaremoreaccuratelycalledtheDecadesofDisappointment,yearsmarkedbya“greatmigration”fromsouthtonorth,fromfarmlandstocitiesinsearchofsufferanceifnotsuccess.LiteratureoftheReconstructiontotheNewNegroRenaissance(1865-1917）•AfricanAmericanliteratureinthemid-19thandearly20thcenturieswasusedtoconfirmandtomanifestcreativityandgeniuswhilealsodocumentingandshapingsocial,politicalandspiritualaspirationsandconditions.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)Inthe1920s,African-Americanliterature,art,music,dance,andsocialcommentarybegantoflourishinHarlem.ThisAfrican-AmericanculturalmovementbecameknownasTheNewNegroMovementandlaterastheHarlemRenaissance.Morethanaliterarymovement,theHarlemRenaissanceexaltedtheuniquecultureofAfrican-AmericansandredefinedAfrican-Americanexpression.African-Americanswereencouragedtocelebratetheirheritage.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)•Influencedbythemodernistmovement,AfricanAmericanartistsandwriterstookanenormousinterestintheirownlivesandvalues,triedtosolicittheattentionoftheirAfricanAmericanpeopleaswellasthewhites,andbeganadistincttraditionoftheirown.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)LangstonHughesAfricanAmerican’spoetLaureate.HarlemRenaissance(1919-1940)ThepoemsinhisTheWearyBlues,likethebluesongs,aresadintone,describingthefactofhavingtoliveinaverycruelandoppressiveworld.Butthereisnofightinthem.ThenhisMontageofaDreamDeferred,anangrybook,showsthathewasnolongerabletocontainhisangerattheconditionoftheAfricanAmericanandthewretchedpoor.Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)•Thetwodecadesbetween1940and1960compriseawatershedepochinAfricanAmericanletters.Theessenceofthisperiod,inRalphEllison’swords,“exist[s]inacuriousstateofhistoryandprehistorysimultaneously.”Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)RichardWrightNativeSon(1940)HebeganthecontemporaryAfricanAmericanliterarytraditionofviolentself-assertionItestablishedforAfrican-Americanwritingacenterofgravitythatcombinedaurbanrealismwitha“lyrical”naturalismthatdocumentedtheharshrealitiesofurbanlivingforblackAmericans.Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)WithRalphEllison’sInvisibleMan,AfricanAmericanwriterscametogripwiththeaimsandprovocationsofmodernism.Realism,Naturalism,andModernism(1940-1960)•AfricanAmericanliteratureattainedtoahigherdegreeofmaturitywhenInvisibleManappeared.•Ellison’saiminwritingthenovelistorepresent“theAmericantheme”,andheachievedagreatsuccessinturningtheimpressivestoryofayoungAfricanAmericanboy’slifeintoanodysseyofmodernman’squestforselfrealizationandturningthebookinto“aresolutelyhonest,tormented,profoundlyAmericanbook.”TheBlackArtsMovement(1960-1970)The1960swasatimeofdramaticsocialupheavalathome(theCivilRightsandBlackPowerMovement)andofcostlymilitaryengagementabroad(VietnamWar).TheAfricanAmericanstrugglehadencounteredbitterfrustrationandviolentsetbacks.DuringtheBlackArtsMovement,animportantpartofBlackPowerMovement,theBlackArtsturnedtoAfricaforinspiration,wisdomandasenseofblackoriginswiththedesireforself-determinationandnationhood.TheBlackArtsMovement(1960-1970)Poetrywasthecreativegenrethatsawthemostaccomplished,experimentalanddistinguishedworkbytheBlackartistsofthe1960s.AmiriBaracka(principlearchitectofBlackArts)BlackMagicPoetry,1961-1967wasregarded“oneofthefinestproductsoftheAfricanAmericancreativeener