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BlackEnglishinAmericaSociolinguisticsinEnglishLearning《社会语言学习与英语学习》----谢徐萍作者简介•谢徐萍：教授，硕士生导师，1983年毕业于南京师范大学外国语学院。现任南通大学外国语学院英语应用语言学研究所所长、研究生教研室主任。2003年赴澳大利亚昆士兰大学教育研究生院做高级访问学者。研究方向为语言学、教育心理学。主持江苏省教育厅课题及其他项目10余项。出版专著《英语读写文化（literacy）研究》，获江苏省第二节教育科学优秀成果三等奖。迄今在省级以上学术期刊发表学术论文50多篇，其中在国外MELTA、《外语界》、《学术论坛》等CSSCI核心期刊发表论文约20篇，论文多次被中国人民大学书报资料中心全文转载，并获得江苏省各类优秀教育教学论文和科学研究成果奖励多项。WhatisstandardEnglish?•StandardEnglishistheEnglishspokenonthemajornationalTVnetworks:NBC,CBS,ABC,CNN,etc.•InaMidwestern(MinnesotatoMichigan)dialectknownas“AmericanstandardEnglish”[ASE]•StandardEnglishisalsoknownasthe“languageofwidercommunication”[LWC]becauseofitswidespreaduseinthemedia.WhatisBlackEnglish?•ManyAfricanAmericansspeakanduseaformoftheEnglishthatissomewhatdifferentfromstandardEnglish.•Everylanguagesystemcontainsrules.•TherulesofBlackEnglisharefunctionaltothosewhousethem.•Theserulesaresystematicandareappliedoverandoveragainintheexactlythesameway.•Morerecently,BlackEnglishhasbeenreferredtoasEnglishusedina“casualregister.”background•TheAmericanblacksarecalledAfro-AmericanbecausetheirancestorscamefromAfrica.ThefirstblacksweretransportedasslavestoVirginiaofNorthAmericain1619.BlacksfromdifferentareasofAfricaspeakingdifferentlanguagesneededbadlyacommonlanguagetocommunicatewiththem.Isolatedwordstheylearnedwereunableforthemtoformgrammaticalsentences,sothatsomepidginmingledwiththeirnationalcharacteristicswascreated.WithincreasinglymorenumbersofblackstransportedfromAfricatoNorthAmerica,moreandmoreblacksspokesuchanEnglish-basedpidgin.CharacteristicsofBlackEnglish1.PhonologyandMorphology2.WordUsage3.SyntacticCharacteristics1.PhonologyandMorphologythoughthenumbersofphonemesofBlackEnglisharesimilartothoseofStandardEnglish,i.e.46or48phonemesaltogether,BlackEnglishhascertainphonological,morphological,andsyntacticcharacteristics(Smitherman,1986).e.g.:(1)pronounceddifferentlything---tingthis---disbath---baffbrother---bruvvernothing---nuffinthread---tred(2)Finalstopsaredevoicede.g.:bik---bigkit---kidcup---cub(3)Othersmaybeloste.g.:test,desk,andendmaybepronouncedwithouttheirfinalconsonants.(4)Showlossofre.g.:Carol,Paris,protect,from,car(5)Soundthesamee.g.:guard—god,court—caught,nor—gnaw,Told—toll—toe,sore—saw,tin—toupass—past—passed—pairs,pin—pen2.WordUsage(1)Spellingofsomewords(2)ImplicationsandusageofsomewordsSpellingdifferencesarecausedbydifferentpronunciations.e.g.:dere—therewidout—withoutdunno—don’tknowwhe—wherehaham—harmzebray—zebraInaddition,somespellingsareuniqueinBlackEnglish.e.g.:themselves—theyselveshimself—hisselfis/be—bees/be’sasin“thecoffeebeescold(everydaythecoffeeiscold)(a)Theusageofbe:asalinkverb,beindicatesahabitorfuturetime:e.g.:shebelateeverydayshebetherelate.(she’llbetherelate)Ibegoinghometomorrow.(I’mgoinghometomorrow.)hebetalkingtoyounextweek.(he’llbetalkingtoyounextweek.)(b)Inpresenttense,iscanbeusedinanyperson.e.g.:youain’tsick,isyou?weisdoingourworkhard.Idon’ttellyouwhereIis.(c)Beenindicatesanactionfinished:e.g.:hebeentherebefore.(hehasbeentherebefore.)shebeentherebeforeIgotthere.(shehadbeentherebeforeIgotthere.)Tonybeenseenatherhousetoday.(Tonywasseenatherhousetoday.)(d)Theusageofdone:•Doneisequivalenttodid:Idonemyhomeworkthismorning.shedonecleaninglastSunday.•Doneindicatespresentperfecttensewhenusedwithoriginal,pastorpastparticipleverbforms:Idonedidmyhair.(Ihavedonemyhair.)Tomdoneseentheshow.(Tomhasseentheshow.)•Doneisequivalenttohave/haswhenusedwithbeen:Jamesdonebeengoneallnight.Allofthemdonebeensittingtheretwohours.•‘be+done+otherverbs’indicatesfutureperfecttime:Johnbedoneleftbythetimewegetthere.(Johnwillhaveleftbythetimewegetthere.)Theybedonefinishbeforeanyonearrive.(Theywillhavefinishedbeforeanyonearrives.)(e)Without–edafterregularpastformofverbs:e.g.:helookformelastnight(=looked)Idonefinishmyhomework.(=havefinished)(f)Inconsistencybetweenpersonandverb:e.g.:shehavemanyfriends.(=has)thewhitefolksisallgone.(=are)(g)Nonstandardusageof–s:It’sthreechildrensinmyfamily.(=children)(h)Differentusageofpronoun:Shehouse=herhouse(i)Interchangeableusageofleaveandlet:e.g.:Leavemeoutatthenextcorner.(=let)Ilettheseformsonthetable.(=leave)3.SyntacticCharacteristicsSyntactically,BlackEnglishhassomeobviousdifferencesfromStandardEnglishinsentencestructureaslistedbySmithermaninthefollowingexamples.①Non-berule.Thistypeofsentencesreferstoastateinsteadofahabit.e.g.:hegone.(=heisgone)②‘therebe’isreplacedby‘It’s’or‘therego’e.g.:Itismanychildrensontheplayground.(=therearemanychildrenontheplayground)③Doublesubjects:e.g.:myson,hehaveanewcar(=mysonhasanewcar.)④Doublenegativeswhereonlyoneisneeded:e.g.:Daviddon’tknownothing.⑤Multiplenegativeswhereonlyoneisneeded:e.g.:Don’tnobodyneverhelpmedomywork.(=Nooneeverhelpsmedomywork)⑥Inacomplexsentence,whenthetwoclausetakenegativeforms,themeaningofthesentenceispositive;whenoneofthetwotakesanegativeform,themeaningisnegative.e.g.:Wasn’tnogirlscouldn’tgowithus.(=Allthegirlscouldgowithus.)Wasn’tnogirlscouldgowithus.(=Noneofthegirlscouldgowithus.)⑦Negativestatementsusuallytakeinvertedforms.e.g.:Can’tnobodydonothinghere.⑧n