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1南京理工大学机械工程学院工业工程系©NJUSTDep.OfIndustrialEngineering企业信息化EnterpriseInformatization2参考教材：1.《企业信息化教程》韦沛文等编著清华大学出版社2.《管理信息系统精要》肯尼思·C·劳东编著人民大学出版社3.ManagementInformationSystems-ManagingtheDigitalFirm,12thEdition3本课程主要内容•介绍企业信息化的基本概念，企业信息化整体解决方案、集成平台，应用实施等内容，使学生掌握企业信息化相关理论，以及实施方法和支撑环境等技术，注重企业远景规划、产品发展、管理变革信息技术支撑的良好匹配与协调，以适应未来数字化企业的要求。4TheCourseHelpYouLearnNonroutineSkills•Thisisthebestcourseyouchooseforlearningthesefourkeyskills.–AbstractReasoning–SystemsThinking–Collaboration–AbilitytoExperiment5•AbstractReasoningistheabilitytomakeandmanipulatemodels.•Systemsthinkingistheabilitytomodelthecomponentsofthesystem,toconnecttheinputsandoutputsamongthosecomponentsintoasensiblewholethatreflectsthestructureanddynamicsofthephenomenon.Youwillbeaskedtocritiquesystems;youwillbeaskedtocomparealternativesystems;youwillbeaskedtoapplydifferentsystemstodifferentsituations.Allofthosetaskswillprepareyouforsystemsthinkingasaprofessional.6•Collaborationistheactivityoftwoormorepeopleworkingtogethertoachieveacommongoal,result,orworkproduct.Effectivecollaborationisn’taboutbeingnice.Infact,surveysindicatethesinglemostimportantskillforeffectivecollaborationistogiveandreceivecriticalfeedback.•AbilitytoExperiment–Successfulexperimentationisnotthrowingbucketsofmoneyateverycrazyideathatentersyourhead.Instead,experimentationismakingareasonedanalysisofanopportunity,envisioningpotentialsolutions,evaluatingthosepossibilities,anddevelopingthemostpromisingones,consistentwiththeresourcesyouhave.78第1章信息系统概述InformationSystemsinthe2010s9主要内容1.1PerspectivesonInformationSystems1.2PositioningITtoOptimizePerformance1.3BusinessPerformanceManagementandMeasurement1.4StrategicPlanningandCompetitiveModels1.5WhyITIsImportanttoYourCareer,andITCareers101.1PERSPECTIVESONINFORMATIONSYSTEMS1.1.1Information•informationisknowledgederivedfromdata•informationisdatapresentedinameaningfulcontext，whilethecontextvariesfrompersontoperson.•informationisdataprocessedbysumming,ordering,averaging,grouping,comparing,orothersimilaroperations.•具有一定意义和相互联系的事实表达。11•data？–dataisdefinedasrecordedfactsorfigures.–原始、不相关的事实表达，是对客体或事件的测量或观测值。12•Informationissubjective，thatmeansoneperson’sinformationmaybeanotherperson’sdata.Figure1-113•数据和信息的关系–信息是我们对数据的解释，或者说是数据的内在含义。–数据经过处理、建立相互关系并给予明确的意义后才成为信息。14•什么是知识？–是对信息的推理、验证。从中得出系统化的规律、概念或经验。•知识按性质分类–know-what，关于事实方面的–know-why，事物的客观原理和规律性方面的，属于科学方面的–know-how技巧、技艺、能力方面的，属于技术方面的–know-who，特定的社会关系、社会分工和知道者的特长与水平，属于经验与判断方面的。15•前两种类型的知识和第三种类型知识的一部分就属于可编码化的知识，一般较易获得，第三种知识的另一部分和第四种类型知识一般属于隐含性知识与判断类知识即“意会知识”，一般难以获得和掌握。•什么是智慧？16•数据管理：对客观对象的表达、识别和检测。•信息管理：从技术层进行数据的存储、传输、显示使之发生增值等处理过程。•知识管理：利用知识的获取方法（如数据挖掘技术）与管理领域知识相结合进行的创新。17•Allinformationisnotequal:Someinformationisbetterthanotherinformation.1.1.2TheCharacteristicsofGoodInformationFigure1-218•Accurate–Accuracyiscrucial;managersmustbeabletorelyontheresultsoftheirinformationsystems.TheISfunctioncandevelopabadreputationintheorganizationifasystemisknowntoproduceinaccurateinformation.Insuchacase,theinformationsystembecomesawasteoftimeandmoney.–Donotbemisledbyawell-formattedreport,orafancyquery,andactivegraphics.Whenyoubegintouseanewinformationsystem,beskeptical.Cross-checktheinformationyouarereceiving.19•Timely–Goodinformationistimely—producedintimeforitsintendeduse.Amonthlyreportthatarrives6weekslateismostlikelyuseless.Aninformationsystemthattellsyounottoextendcredittoacustomerafteryouhaveshippedthegoodsisunhelpfulandfrustrating.Noticethattimelinesscanbemeasuredagainstacalendar–Youneedtogiveappropriateandrealistictimelinessneeds.Insomecases,developingsystemsthatprovideinformationinnearrealtimeismuchmoredifficultandexpensivethanproducinginformationafewhourslater.Ifyoucangetbywithinformationthatisafewhoursold,saysoduringtherequirementsspecificationphase.20•Consideranexample.Supposeyouworkinmarketingandyouneedtobeabletoassesstheeffectivenessofnewonlineadprograms.YouwantaninformationsystemthatnotonlywilldeliveradsovertheWeb,butthatalsowillenableyoutodeterminehowfrequentlycustomersclickonthoseads.Determiningclickratiosinnearrealtimewillbeveryexpensive;savingthedatainabatchandprocessingitsomehourslaterwillbemucheasierandcheaper.Ifyoucanlivewithinformationthatisadayortwoold,thesystemwillbeeasierandcheapertoimplement.21•Relevant–Informationshouldberelevantbothtothecontextandtothesubject.Consideringcontext,you,theCEO,needinformationthatissummarizedtoanappropriatelevelforyourjob.Alistofthehourlywageofeveryemployeeinthecompanyisunlikelytobeuseful.Morelikely,youneedaveragewageinformationbydepartmentordivision.22•JustBarelySufficient–Informationneedstobesufficientforthepurposeforwhichitisgenerated,butjustbarelyso.Weliveinaninformationage;oneofthecriticaldecisionsthateachofushastomakeeachdayiswhatinformationtoignore.Thehigheryouriseintomanagement,themoreinformationyouwillbegiven,and,becausethereisonlysomuchtime,themoreinformationyouwillneedtoignore.So,informationshouldbesufficient,butjustbarely.23•WorthItsCost–Informationisnotfree.Therearecostsfordevelopinganinformationsystem,costsofoperatingandmaintainingthatsystem,andcostsof