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分词性质：分词相当于形容词、副词。句子功能：作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。一般式完成式现在分词doinghavingdone过去分词donehavingbeendone分词作定语1.现在分词的意义：分词作定语相当于一个定语从句1).主动的，一般的动作UnidentifiedFlyingObjects=UnidentifiedobjectsthatflyFlyingfish=FishesthatcanflyApromisingyoungman=Ayoungmanwhopromiseswell=apuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlespeoplearoomfacingthesouth=Aroomthatfacesthesouth2)主动的，正在进行的动作fallingleaves=Leavesthatarefallingnowthemanstandingatthegate=ThemanwhoisstandingatthegateThegirlwhoisdancingwiththatguy=thegirldancingwiththatguyThesunthatissetting/rising=thesetting/risingsunThedogthatisbarking=thebarkingdogAchildwhoissleeping=asleepingchild2.过去分词的意义1).被动，一般的动作（及物动词）therespectedwriter=ThewriterwhoisrespectedTheexploitedclass=theclassthatisexploited2)被动的，完成的（及物动词）Boiledwater=Waterthathasbeenboiledabrokenglassaglassthathasbeenbroken3).主动,完成的动作(不及物动词）fallenleaves(落叶）=Leavesthathavefallenaretiredoldman（退休的老人）=Amanwhohasretireddepartedfriends（久别的朋友）=Friendsthathavedepartedadevelopedcountry（发达国家）=AcountrythathasdevelopedMoreexamples:掉落的花朵，回归的学生，逃犯，失落的文明，刚到的来客，沉没的船只，成年人faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,escapedprisoners,thevanishedcivilization,newly-arrivedvisitors，sunkenships,agrownman◆这些动词都是不及物动词(没有被动语态），所以只表主动完成如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的不定代词或指示代词those时，单个的过去分词也要放在被修饰词之后。例如：有人受伤吗?Isthereanybodyinjured?3.过去分词作后置修饰语与作前置修饰语功能、含义不同。Allpeopleinvolvedwerecalledtocourt.牵连的Thisisaninvolvedproblem.复杂的ThebookgiventohimisanEnglishnovel.送给的Wewillbemeetingatagiventimeandplace.特定的Thisisausedbike.用过的，旧的Themethodusedisveryefficient.所使用的Inoticedaconcernedlookinhereyes.关切的目光Allpeopleconcernedmustcomehere.有关的5.现在分词和过去分词构成的复合形容词说英语的国家English-spokencountries?Water-coveringlandAnewly-buildinghouseReady-makingclosesNice-lookedperson？？1)分词和所修饰的名词的关系存在逻辑上的主动关系，就用现在分词English-speakingcountriesCountriesspeakEnglishAnice-lookingpersonApersonlooksniceFar-reachingeventEventreachesfar2)分词和所修饰的名词的关系存在逻辑上的被动关系，就用过去分词Water-coveredlandLandiscovedbywaterAnewly-builthouseAhouseisnewlybuiltReady-madedressAdressismadeready3)形容词+名词+ed热心的，冷血的，狭隘的。蓝眼睛的，中年的，坏脾气的，有远见的，Warm-hearted,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,blue-eyed,far-sighted,middle-aged,bad-tempered4)数词+名词+ed双面人，十层楼的房子，三条腿的桌子Two-facesperson,ten-storyedbuilding,three-leggedtable6.三种非谓语动词表示被动的结构做定语Tobedone（表示将来的动作）Beingdone（表示进行的动作）Done（表示过去或完成的动作）下次要讨论的问题很重要。Theproblemtobediscussedisofgreatimportance.正在建的房子是我们学校的图书馆。Thehousebeingbuiltwillbethelibraryofourschool.你参加了上个星期举行的会议吗？Didyouattendthemeetingheldlastweek?7.现在分词与动名词作表语时的区别：1.Tom’sjobwas______(guard)thefactory.2.Thesituationis______(encourage).动名词：主语的内容现在分词：主语的特征8.现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别SleepingbagReadingroomGrowingpainSleepingchildReadingstudentGrowingchildrenBagforsleepingRoomforreadingPainduringthegrowthperiodChildwhoareSleepingStudentswhoarereading动名词作定语一般表示所修饰名词的用途，不可直接改为定语从句现在分词表示名词的行为状态，且可以改为定语从句游泳池睡袋写字台洗衣机饮用水助听器安眠药加油站洗衣粉SwimmingpoolSleepingbagWritingtableWashingmachineDrinkingwaterHearingaidSleepingpillFillingstationWashingpowder8.现在分词和过去分词作状语分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/havingdone，不能发出分词的动作用被动done/havingbeendone。分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式)，如发生在谓语动词之前，(用完成式)havingdone。Whyuseparticiple?1.他走下楼梯，对我笑了笑。Hecamedownstairs,smilingatme.2.他坐在那里独自一人喝酒。Hesatthere,drinkingwinealone.3.他们说说笑笑地向我们走来。Theywenttous,talkingandlaughing.一个句子当中只能只有一个谓语动词，其他动词只能变为非谓语动词，与谓语动词的动作对比，非谓语动词的地位是次要的，从属性质的。分词短语作状语1.主谓一致2.分词完成式3.分词表达的各种意思4.带连词或介词的分词短语关于分词短语作状语时的逻辑主语问题1.主谓一致分词的逻辑主语与句子主语的关系2.独立分词结构名词/代词+分词短语，名词/代词为分词短语的真正主语3.特殊表达1.分词与句子的主语的关系：主动与被动Translation:听到这个消息，她的眼泪流出来了。“眼泪”不会“听”，不存在逻辑主谓关系。Hearingthenews,hertearscamealonghercheeck.改为：Hearingthenews,shehadtearscomingalonghercheck.从山上看下去，我们的城市看起来是那么的美丽。Seeingfromthemountain,ourcityseemssofantastic.主句的主语“城市”不会“看”，不存在主动关系,是被动的关系。应该改为：Seenfromthemountain,ourcityseemssofantastic.Afterseeingthemovie,______.A.thebookwasreadbyhimB.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditC.thereadingofthebookinterestedhimD.hewantedtoreadthebook_______inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.A.TolookatB.LookingatC.LookedatD.Tobelookedat吃太多的肉，你会变胖的。a.Ifyouhavetoomuchmeat,andyou'llgetfatter.b.youhavetoomuchmeat,andyou'llgetfatter.c.Youhavetoomuchmeat,you'llgetfatter.d.Havingtoomuchmeat,you'llgetfatter.我钱不够，不能买这房子。A.I'mshortofmoney,Ican'tbuythehouse.B.Beingshortofmoney,Ican'tbuythehouse.我比你强，我会跑得比你快。A.I'mstrongerthanyou,Icanrunfasterthanyou.B.Beingstrongerthanyou,Icanrunfasterthanyou.你见到他就叫他到这来吧。Seeinghim,youaskhimtocomehereplease有空你来帮帮我吧。Havingtime,youshouldcometohelpme.浇太多的水花会死的。Wateredtoomuch,theflowerwilldie.我进门时看见他正在看电视。Enteringtheroom,IsawhimwatchingTV.2.独立分词结构:当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，分词前可以带上它的逻辑主语独立主语+分词，主句知道怎么做，你就应该尽力去做。“知道”的逻辑主语是关系式：主动Knowinghowtodoit,youshouldtryyourbest.你独立主语+现在分词（表主动）如果天气允许的话，我们就去散步。允许的逻辑主语是关系：主动Weather,weshallgo…permitting天气开完会后我们都回家了。Themeetingbeingover,allofuswenthome.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn'tknowwhattosay.独立主语+过去分词（表被动）考试结束了，我们开始放假。Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。Herglassesbroken(=Becauseherglasseswerebroken),shecouldn'tseethe