法律英语1

法律英语1LessonTwoLegalProfession法律职业February2,2020法律英语2法律英语2Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯CFebruary2,2020法律英语3法律英语3Background律师法官检查官法学教师法律职业变换频繁February2,2020法律英语4法律英语4律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounsellorCounsellor–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师February2,2020法律英语5法律英语5Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会February2,2020法律英语6法律英语6Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务。每个州对于执业许可都有自己的要求。February2,2020法律英语7法律英语7Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试.三年大学法律学位February2,2020法律英语8法律英语8Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.多州律师资格考试February2,2020法律英语9法律英语9•TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.February2,2020法律英语10法律英语10Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，那些失败者中的许多人会在下一次考试中通过。February2,2020法律英语11法律英语11Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationseachyearand,afteraninquiryintotheircharacter,areadmittedtothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在获准律师执业许可之前或之后不要求实习。February2,2020法律英语12法律英语12Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.那些获准在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。February2,2020法律英语13法律英语13Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区,因为尽管律师可以代表其当事人到其他地区办理事务,但是一个人只能在其获准开业的州内执业.February2,2020法律英语14法律英语14Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.人们习惯雇佣本州的律师办理其他州的事务。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。February2,2020法律英语15法律英语15Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一段时间(通常5年)，那么当他移居到另外一个州通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。February2,2020法律英语16法律英语16Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.从事法律事务从事任何其他公民能从事的活动February2,2020法律英语17法律英语17Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在企业客户的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务February2,2020法律英语18法律英语18Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,andmayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师即使在成为法官、政府雇员或私营企业集团的雇员或者成为法学教师以后，仍然是律师协会的会员。他们可以辞掉这些其他事务，回头再从事私人执业。February2,2020法律英语19法律英语19Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。February2,2020法律英语20法律英语20ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官February2,2020法律英语21法律英语21这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰.菲斯克的职业生涯,他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官February2,2020法律英语22法律英语22HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家February2,2020法律英语23法律英语23•AftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.•加入纽约律师协会February2,2020法律英语24法律英语24In1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）February2,2020法律英语25法律英语25In1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRoosevelt'sNewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官February2,2020法律英语26法律英语26Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师February2,2020法律英语27法律英语27thereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。February2,2020法律英语28法律英语28TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexcl