英美概况二战后的美国外交政策Unit 14 Post-WWII American Foreign P

Unit14Post-WWIIAmericanForeignPolicyTheBeginningoftheColdWarTheArmsRaceTheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesWhat’sthecoldwar?•TheColdWar(approx.1945-1991)isacontinuingstateofpoliticalandmilitarytensionbetweenthepowersofthewesternworld,ledbytheUnitedStatesanditsNATOallies,andthecommunistworldledbytheSovietUnion,itssatellitestatesandallies.Backgroundandreasons•1differencesingoals.•TheUSAVSSovietUnionTocontrolandruletheworldTomaintainitshighstatusandpowerintheworldThetwocampusNATOWarsawPacttime19491955country12westerncountriesheadedbytheunitedstatesthesovietunionandanother7easternEuropecountriesNatureMilitaryandpoliticalgroupsMilitaryandpoliticalgroupsobjectEasternEuropesocialistcountriesledbythesovietunionCapitalcountriesledbytheunitedstatestraitsCollectdefenseSeparateorcollectivedefensepurposeTocompetewiththesovietunionandcontainthesovietunionTocompetewiththeunitedstatesandwesternEuropecountriesandcontroltheeasternEuropeSituationThearmsraceThetermarmsrace,initsoriginalusage,describesacompetitionbetweentwoormorepartiesforthebestarmedforces.Eachpartycompetestoproducelargernumbersofweapons,greaterarmies,orsuperiormilitarytechnologyinatechnologicalescalation.Nowadays,thetermiscommonlyusedtodescribeanycompetitionwherethereisnoabsolutegoal,onlytherelativegoalofstayingaheadofothercompetitors,essentiallythegoalofprovingtobebetter.Reasons•Inordertobreakthemonopolyofatomicweapons.•Toincrease,improvethequantityandqualityofmilitaryequipment.ExamplesoftheArmsRace•In1949,theSovietUniondetonateditsfirstatomicdevices.•In1952,theUnitedStateshaditsfirsttestofthehydrogenbomb.•In1953,theSovietUnionfollowedtheUnitedStates’step.•In1957,theSovietUnionlaunchedtwosputniksintotheorbit.•Bythe1980s,thetwocountrieshadmorethan50000nuclearweaponsthatcouldkillpeopleinthewordmanytimes.•In1982,RonaldReaganinitiatedtheStarWarsproject.TheeffectsoftheArmsRace•TheSovietUnionwasdraggeddownbytheUnitedStatesineconomy.TheUnitedStatesendedthecostlyproject.1.TheContainmentPolicy2.EngagementandExpansionTheContainmentPolicy•In1948,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrinewhichisgenerallyregardedastheformalannouncementoftheimplementationofcontainment.PresidentTrumanTheUSputintoeffectthecontainmentpolicyinthelate1940s.Bycontainment,theUSmeantthatitwouldusewhatevermeans,includingmilitaryforce,topreventtheSovietUnionfrombreakingoutofitssphereofinfluence.Inordertocontaincommunism,theUSfoughttwowarsinAsia:theKoreanWarandtheVietnamWar.InEurope,inordertopreventtheflowoftechniciansandprofessionalsfromEastbloctothewest,in1961,EastGermangovernmentbegantobuildaconcretewall,separatingEastandWestBerlin.ThiswallbecamethesymboloftheColdWar.BerlinWallOnoneoccasionduringtheColdWarperiod,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwereonthebrinkofanuclearwar.ThisoccasionwastheCubanMissileCrisisin1962.TheBayofPigsfiasco(猪湾闹剧)In1959,CubanrevolutionariesledbyFidelCastrohadsucceededinoverthrowingtheBatistaregimeandcametopower.TheUShadallalongbeenregardingLatinAmericaasitsbackyardandwouldnotallowotherpowerstoputtheirfingersonthisregion.Soitwantedtoputanendtothisrevolutionarygovernment.TheEisenhowerAdministrationapprovedaCIAplantotrainCubanémigréandusethemtofightagainsttheCubanrevolutionaryforces.ManyoftheémigréweresupportersoftheBatistaregime.WhenKennedycameintoofficehegavethego-aheadsignal.ThelandingoftheCIA-trainedémigrésonCubasufferedahumiliatingdefeatallofthemwereeitherkilledinbattleorcaptured.ThisbecameknownastheBayofPigsfiasco.InAsia,thecontainmentpolicywasdirectedagainstthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheKoreanWarbroughttheUnitedStatesandChinafacetofaceonthebattlefield.FightinginKoreainstitutionalizedhostilitybetweenthetwocountriesandextendedtheColdWartoAsia.ThefrozenrelationshipdidnotthawuntilPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972.TheUnitedStatesandChinanormalizeddiplomaticrelationsin1979.EngagementandExpansion•In1989,theBerlinWallfell.•In1991,theSovietUniondisintegrated.•TheUSwonintheDesertStorminIraq.•The3pillarsofAmericanforeignpolicyofClintonAdministration:•Nationalsecurity•Economicprosperity•PromotionofdemocracyThe44-dayheavybombingoftheformerYugoslaviain1999wasatestcaseforthenewstrategy.TwopartsBush-administrationObamaadministrationUnilateralism(单边主义）andFaithinMilitaryStrengthWhenGeorgeW.BushbecamePresidentin2001,heandhistopadviserspursuedanewstrategy.Ithastwoprominentelements:UnilateralismandFaithinMilitaryStrength.Suchunilateralactionsdrewstrongcriticismfromcountriesallovertheworld.JustwhentheUSwasonthepointofbecomingalonelysuperpowerintheworld,theSept.11,2001terroristattacktookplace.IftheythinkanyinternationalagreementisnotinlinewithAmericannationalintereststheywillnothesitatetodiscardit.ThereforetheyscrappedtheKyotoAgreement《京都议定书》onenvironmentandtheAnti-ballisticMissileTreaty(反弹道导弹)signedin1972withtheformerSU.TheSeptember11,2001OnSept.11,2001,terroristshijackedfourAmericanpassengerplanes,twosmashingintotheWorldTradeTowers,oneintothePentagon,andthefourthonesmashingintothefieldsinPennsylvaniaasaresultofthecourageousstruggleputupbythepassengers.3000innocentliveswerelostintheterrorist