英美概况部分大题及名词解释(个人整理)

Terms(AmericanPart)ThelegislativebranchTheCongress,knownasthelegislativebranch,isthelaw-makingbodyoftheUnitedStates.TheU.S.Congressincludestwochambers:theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheBostonTeaPartyTheEastIndiaCompany,avitalsourceofBritishwealth,wasallowedtoexportteatothecolonieswithoutpayinganyimportduty.Thusthecompanycouldeasilyunderselltheindependentteamerchantswhohadtopayimportduties,whichcausedcolonialteamerchants’opposition.Theydeclared“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”.OnthenightofDecember16,1773,abandofmen,disguisedasIndiansandledbySamualAdams,boardedthreeBritishshipslyingatananchorinBostonharboranddumpedtheteacargo.Thislate。rbecameknownas“BostonTeaParty”,whichfinallyledtotheoutbreakoftheAmericanIndependenceWar.ThefirstcontinentalcongressAftertheincidentoftheBostonTeaparty,relationsbetweenEnglandandcoloniescontinuedtodeteriorate.Inthefaceofsuchagravesituation,colonialdelegatesfrom12colonies(Georgiadidnotsenditsdelegates)metinPhiladelphiaonSeptember5,1774,“toconsultuponthepresentunhappystateofthecolonies”.ThismeetinghasbeenknownastheFirstContinentalCongress.Afterheateddebateandrepeatedcompromise,theFirstContinentalCongressdrewupaformaldocumentknownasDeclarationofRightsandGrievances.TheEmancipationProclamationThechangedmilitarysituationpromptedLincolntotakehisdecisivestep.HehadbeenconsideringtheadvisabilityofliberatingtheblackslavesintheSouth.AftertheFederaltroopswonbigvictories,LincolnbelievedthetimehadcomeandonSeptember22,1862,heissuedthefamousEmancipationProclamationwhichwouldbecomeeffectiveonJanuary1,1863.Itprovidedthatalltheblackslavesintherebellingstateswerefreedandtheywerewelcometojointhearmedforcesoftheunion.Asaresult,abolitionofslaverybecameanobjectiveofthewarinadditiontothedeclaredobjectiveofsavingtheUnion.TheCabinetintheUnitedStateThecabinetisanucleusofleadershipunderthePresidentintheadministrativebranch.ItismadeupofheadsofthemajordepartmentsandotherpersonschosenbythePresident.TheyadvisethePresidentonimportantproblemsconcerningtheadministrationofnationalaffairs.AsheriffSheriffisthechieflawenforcementofficerofacounty.Hisduties,limitedtoareasoutsidecitiesinthecounty,includecollectingtaxes,enforcingorders,maintainingthejail,servinglegalpapers,andpatrollingoncountryhighways.Mostsheriffsareelectedbylocalvoters.Theyareusuallypaidthroughfeesforeachjobperformedratherthanonaregularsalarybasis.Terms(TheBritainPart)TheHundredYears’WarsItreferredtotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastfrom1337to1453.Thecauseswerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.AtfirsttheEnglishweresuccessful,butintheend,theyweredefeatedandlostalmostalltheirpossessionsinFrance.TheexpellingoftheEnglishwasablessingforbothcountries.TheBlackDeath•BlackDeathsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.Itkilledbetween1/2and1/3ofthepopulationofEngland.•Asaresultoftheplague,muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabor.•Villeinsstruggledforfreedom,buttheparliamentpassed“statutesoflaborers”,whichprovidedideologicalpreparationforthelabormovement.TheWaroftheroses1.Rivalgroups:theHouseofLancaster&theHouseofYork2.Thenameofthewar:TheLancastriansworethebadgeoftheredroseandtheYorkistsworethebadgeofthewhiterose,sothewargotsuchaname.3.Natureofthewar:Feudalcivilwar,forpowerandwealth,forthepossessionoftheCrown4.Reason:IntheHundredYears’War,thelosswasgreat.Sothewar-likenobleswantedtorecoupfortheloss,thustheyallwantedtogetpower.TheEnglishnoblesbegantobedividedandbegantosupportdifferentgroups,insuchasituation,thewarbrokeout.Atthattime,theHouseofLancasterwasinpowerandHenryVI(1422-1461)wasthekingandtheHouseofYorkwantedtodisplacetheHouseofLancaster.5.Result:TheYorkistgotcompletevictory,butathirdHouse,theHouseofTudorgotthepower.HenryVIIbecametheking.SoanewimportantDynastybeganinEnglishhistory.6.ConsequenceAlthoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyfor30years,ordinarypeoplewerelittleaffected.Fromthesewarsfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakenedanddiscredited.Theking’spowernowbecamesupreme.Thiswarshookoffmuchofthefeudalburden,soitpavedwayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.ElizabethIOneofthegreatestmonarchsinBritishhistory.ShereignedEngland,WalesandIrelandfor45yearsandremainedsingle.HerreignwasatimeofconfidentEnglishnationalismandofgreatachievementsinliteratureandotherarts,inexplorationandinbattle.1.HerattitudetowardCatholicChurchandProtestantsa.FinishedestablishingtheChurchofEnglandb.DefenderoffaithinEnglandc.CommonPrayerBookandtheEnglishselectionoftheBookd.AppointedClergymanandbishops2.HerpolicywithSpaina.SheencouragedEnglishadventurerstomakeexplorationsinAmericaandAfrica1.Explorers:Drale;Raleigh;Hawkins2.EastIndianCompanyb.AwarwithArmada—theInvincibleFleetc.ElizabethwasthefoundationlayeroftheEnglishEmpireThejuryAlegalsystemestablishedinEnglandsincekingHenryII.Thejuryconsistsofordinary,independentcitizenssummonedbythecourt:12personsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,and15personsinScotland.Incriminaltrialsbyjury,thejudgepassessentenc