拿破仑――英文ppt介绍

Napoleon’sMilitaryCareerHewasborninCorsicaonAugust15th,1769,diedonMay5th,1821.HeisthemostfamousFrenchmilitarystrategistandstatesman.HeisveryfamousbecausehefoundtheFrenchempire.HeisthefirstFrenchEmperor,Napoleon.Itisthelong-termstudyandaccumulationthatcreatedthemilitarytalent.Napoleongotintothemilitaryacademywhenhewastenyearsold.Hewaslaughedbyotherstudentsbecausehewaspoor,incommunicativeandarrogant.Buthewasverycleveranddiligent,andgraduatedwithgoodgradesafterfiveyears.In1784,attheageoffifteen,Napoleonwasallowedintotheroyalmilitaryacademyforfurtherstudy.Hemetotherstudents’contemptonceagain.However,hegotridofbadtempergradually.Attheroyalmilitaryacademy,studentsgenerallytooktwoorthreeyearstoacquireofficerqualification,butNapoleonpassedtheexamattheendofthefirstyear.Itwas1785whenhewas16yearsold.Aftergraduatingfromtheacademy,NapoleonwassenttoArtilleryRegiment.Inadditiontoperformingofficialduties,healsostudiedbyhimself,especiallyaboutthemilitaryandpoliticalhistory.Inordertoimprovehismemory,hetookthenoteeverytimehereadbooks.HealwaysmadearesearchaboutAlexander,HannibalandCaesar'slifeseriously.Accordingtohisownwords,heusuallyworkedforfifteenorsixteenhoursaday.OnJuly10th,1792,hewassenttothe4thArtilleryRegimentandpromotedasacaptain.Notuntil23yearsolddidheshowamilitarytalent.WarofthefirstCoalition——thefirstshowInFebruary1793,BritainandsomeothercountriesmadeupthefirstcoalitionandoccupiedtheToulonandCorsica.Inmid-september,NapoleonarrivedintheToulonwarfaceandtookovertheartillery.Buthefoundthattheartillery‘sstrengthwasveryweak.Therearenothinghere,noartillery,noammunitionexceptforsomenotrainedsoldiers.Preparationbeforethebattle••Firstofall,hetriedtocollectallkindsofguns.Innotlongtime,hegothundredsoflargecalibergunsandplentyofammunition.•Heoftenlivedwithsoldierstoinfluenceandinspirethemwithhispracticalactionandleadership.Soonhewonthesuperiorvaluedandappreciated,andhewaspromotedtotheartillerycolonel(炮兵上校).Combattactics•Duringthebattle,NapoleonputforwardthattheyshouldfocustheforcesonattackingthesmallGibraltaratfirst.ThentheypoundedtheBritishfleetsanchoredontheberthtocutofftheirconnectionwithotherenemiesstationedinToulon.Inthisway,eveniftheFrenchonlyhadalittlestrength,butalsocouldcaptureToulonquickly.•Napoleon'sbattleplan,boldandinnovative,showedhiskeeninsightandrichimagination.ThenNapoleonwasappointedasArtillerydeputycommander(炮兵副指挥)tosiegetheToulon.•Itistheordinarybutgreatplanthataffectedandchangedthewholeprocessandoutcomeofthebattlegreatly.•Thegeographicallocationwithoperationalandtacticalsignificanceonthebattlefieldisveryimportantforbothsides.Whofirstrealizesthevalueofitandactsdecisivelytoseizeit,thenhecangaintheinitiativeofthewar.Apparently,Napoleondidit.WarofthesecondCoalition——smashtheenemy'sinvasionThesecondcoalition(1799–1802)wasthesecondattemptbyEuropeanmonarchs,ledbyAustriaandRussia,tocontainoreliminateRevolutionaryFrance.AndNapoleonBonaparteledanexpeditiontoEgyptinthattime.•Bythe1799,NapoleonhadreturnedfromEgypt,leavinghisarmybehind,andtookcontrolofthearmyofFrance.•In1800,NapoleontookpersonalcommandofthearmyinItaly,andeventuallywonavictoryattheBattleofMarengoagainsttheAustriangeneralMichaelMelas.•Sincethen,TheTreatyofAmiensbetweenFranceandBritainbeganthelongestbreakinthewarbetweenthetwoduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryandNapoleonicperiods.WarofthethirdandfourthCoalition——Warmoldedthepower•WarofthethirdCoalition,spanningfrom1803to1806,sawthedefeatofanallianceofAustria,Portugal,Russia,andothersbyFranceanditsclientstatesunderNapoleonI.•InMay1803,BritaindeclaredwaronFrance.In1804hecrownedhimselfEmperoroftheFrench.Inthefirstdecadeofthenineteenthcentury,HeturnedthearmiesofFranceagainsteverymajorEuropeanpoweranddominatedcontinentalEuropethroughaseriesofmilitaryvictories.•WarofthefourthCoalition,NapoleondecisivelydefeatedthePrussiansinafightingcampaignthatculminatedattheBattleofJena-Auerstedton14October1806.FrenchforcesunderNapoleonoccupiedPrussia,pursuingtheremnantsoftheshatteredPrussianArmy,andcapturedBerlinonOctober251806,thenmovedallthewaytoEastPrussia,PolandandtheRussianfrontier,wheretheyfoughtaninconclusivebattleagainsttheRussiansatEylauinFebruary1807.Napoleon'sadvanceontheRussianfrontierwasbrieflychecked.RussianforceswerecrushedbyNapoleon'sarmyatFriedlandonJune14,1807,andthreedayslaterRussiaaskedforatruce.BytheTreatiesofTilsitinJuly1807,FrancemadepeacewithRussiaandreceivedhalfofPrussia'sterritory,JeromeBonaparte'sKingdomofWestphalia,andthenewDuchyofWarsaw.NapoleonwasnowmasterofallofwesternandcentralcontinentalEurope,exceptforSpain,Portugal,Austriaandseveralsmallercountries.•AttheCongressofErfurt(September–October1808)NapoleonandAlexanderagreedthatRussiashouldforceSwedentojointheContinentalSystem,whichledtotheFinnishWarof1808–1809andtothedivisionofSwedenintotwopartsseparatedbytheGulfofBothnia.TheeasternpartbecametheRussianGrandDuchyofFinland.DuetotheContinentalSystem,theUnitedKingdomwasyetagainstillatwarwithNapoleonandwasnotaffectedbythepeacetreaty.WaroftheFifthCoalition——ConquerEurope•TheWaroftheFifthCoalition,foughtinthey