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高考阅读理解题六种常见干扰项设置手法阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，干扰项常使很多考生陷入误区。抓住试题选项特征，正确答案手到擒来！1．包含项原则在分析选项时，假如A选项的内容概括其他三个选项(或其中一个选项)的内容，那么，我们就说选项A是其他选项的包含项，包含项A往往就是正确答案。例1Livinginaresidencehallcarriescertainobligation(义务).Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary(卫生)aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerantofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary例2Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.包含项原则预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强的，往往是正确答案。有时不读原文照样可以做对题，但这绝对不是瞎蒙。两选项陈述的内容完全相矛盾叫正反项。假如四个选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般是A项或B项。用排除法先缩小范围，以增加得分几率。2.正反项原则例3Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions例4Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusisalittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater3．委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。语气平和、委婉的选项往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不肯定或试探性语气的词语，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等。而含有绝对语气的词语往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。例5Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,___.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.例6Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementofallemployees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.以后遇到此类干扰项，可以大胆作出判断！掌握了此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！这就是所谓的“窍门”！当然并非所有题目都可以这样的。4．同形项原则几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项之间只有语言形式的细微变化，考查学生的分辨能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项里一般存在有正确答案。例7Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry5．常识项原则那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。这是常识项。植树造林是我国的一大国策，目的在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，所以C为正确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。例8Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.Theygivehimshade这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险的对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交的保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.ifthepremium（保险费）isincreased.B.ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.同形项原则6．因果项原则•阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理的选项中，有的会推理不到位，有的会推理过头，这就是所谓的干扰项。•因果项原则：四个选项中，如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.sh