active and passive euthanasia 积极安乐死与消极安乐死

ActiveandPassiveEuthanasiaJamesRachels•Themoraldistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasia,orbetweenkillingandlettingdie.••Istherearealdifference?Readthewholetext:•Whatistheconclusionofthetext?Conclusionbytheauthor•–Killingisnotmorallyworsethanlettinga•persondieofnaturalcauses,whendonefor•Humanitarian([hjʊ,mænɪ'teərɪən])reasons.•–Therefore,activeeuthanasiaisnotanyworse•thanpassiveeuthanasia,asincaseswherea•patientissparedneedlesspain,arguablybetter.•–Inotherwords,hewantedtojustifytheactive•euthanasia.•Thewayofreasoningand•defendingisveryrigidandconvincing.•Discussion•Textorganization•Thedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasiais•thoughttobecrucialformedicalethics.(Line1-22)••Severalargumentsaregoingtobeputforwardto•buildastrongcaseagainstthedoctrine.•1.Oncetheinitialdecisionnottoprolonghisagonyhas•beenmade,activeeuthanasiaisactuallypreferableto•passiveeuthanasia.(Line23-80)•2.Theconventionaldoctrineleadstodecisions•concerninglifeanddeathmadeonirrelevantgrounds.•(Line81-112)•3.Killingisnotmorallyworsethanlettingsomeonedie.•(Line113-207)•4.Activeeuthanasiaisnotanyworsethanpassive•euthanasia.(Line113-285)Part1(1)•Thedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasiaisthoughttobecrucialformedicalethics.•Howdoesthewriterdefinethedifference•betweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasia?[l]Thedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasiaisthoughttobecrucialformedicalethics.//Theideaisthatitispermissible,atleastinsomecases,towithholdtreatmentandallowapatienttodie,butitisneverpermissibletotakeanydirectactiondesignedtokillthepatient.//Thisdoctrineseemstobeacceptedbymostdoctors,anditisendorsedinastatementadoptedbytheHouseofDelegatesoftheAmericanMedicalAssociationonDecember4,l973.formallysupportedespeciallybypublicstatementanofficialorformalannouncementthatmaybepermittedespeciallyasaccordingtorule•[1]人们认为积极安乐死和消极安乐死之间的界限对医学伦理来说是极其重要的。这种观点认为，至少在某种情况下允许医生撤除医疗措施并且让病人死去；但是绝对不允许医生采取任何直接的预谋的措施来促成病人的死亡。这一理论似乎为大多数医生所接受，而且在1973年12月4日美国医学协会州参议院代表的声明中得到赞同。•Theintentionalterminationoflifeofonehumanbeingbyanother--mercykilling--iscontrarytothatforwhichthemedicalprofessionstandsandiscontrarytothepolicyoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.•Thecessationoftheemploymentofextraordinarymeans(toprolongthelifeofthebody)(whenthereisirrefutableevidencethatbiologicaldeathisimminent)isthedecisionofthepatientand/orherimmediatefamily．Theadviceandjudgmentofthephysicianshouldbefreelyavailabletothepatientand/orhisimmediatefamily.astopping生物学死亡impossibletodenyordisprove无法反驳的['ɪrɪ'fjʊtəbl]unusual•adj.即将来临的；迫近的['ɪmɪnənt]•However,astrongcasecanbemadeagainstthisdoctrine．InwhatfollowsIwillsetoutsomeoftherelevantargumentsandurgedoctorstoreconsidertheirviewsonthismatter．阐述;提出•Cessation[se'seɪʃ(ə)n]:(暂时)停止,休止,中断,暂停•–Themoneysavedfromthecessationoftheroadproject•willbeinvestedinpublictransport.•–停止筑路项目省下的资金将投入公共交通。••Cease•–Thestormhasceased.•–暴风雨停了。••Secede/secession:脱离,退出(transform)•–Wewon’tallowTibettosecedefromChinaand•becomeanindependentnation.•–我们决不允许西藏脱离中国独立。•Makeastrongcaseagainst:提出充分的反•对理由;arguethatsth.orsb.iswrong•–They’llneedyourtestimonytomakeacase•againsthiminthecourttomorrow.•–我们需要您的证词在明天的法庭上辩驳他.•–他们提出了充分的理由反对提高税收。•–Theymadeagoodcaseagainstraisingtaxes.•Setout:陈述􀈗阐明􀈗动身􀈗起程􀈗开始􀈗摆放•–Avisitorarrivedjustasweweresettingoutforthe•airport.•–我们正要前往机场时来了一位客人。•–Thegovernmenthassetouttomakemanyneeded•reforms.•–政府开始进行许多必要的改革。•–Theysetoutthechairsforthemeetinginrowsoften.•–他们摆好会议的坐椅,每排十把椅子。•–Myplansforthefirmhavebeensetoutinthis•document.•–我为公司制定的各项计划都写在这份文件中了。•有意识地结束另一个人的生命——安乐死术——违反了医学界应有的立场，也违反了美国医学协会的宗旨。•在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将面临死亡时，停止采取非常措施来延长其生命是病人和（或）其直系亲属的决定。此时，医生应该有权对病人和（或）其直系亲属给予指导并做出判断。”•然而，人们可以对这一理论提出强有力的反对意见。下面我将对列出一些有关的论据，并且敦促医生们重新考虑他们对这一问题的观点。••Arguments•(p2-8)2--4•1.Oncetheinitialdecisionnottoprolonghisagonyhasbeenmade,activeeuthanasiaisactuallypreferabletopassiveeuthanasia.•Noticehoweachparagraph•servesthecentralideaofthispart!!•［2」Tobeginwithafamiliartypeofsituation，apatientwhoisdyingofincurablecancerofthethroatisinterriblepain,(whichcannolongerbesatisfactorilyalleviated.)Heiscertaintodiewithinafewdays，evenifpresenttreatmentiscontinued,buthedoesnotwanttogoonlivingforthosedayssincethepainisunbearable．Soheasksthedoctorforanendtoit，andhisfamilyjoinsintherequest．(ofpainorsorrow)madeeasiertobear•Alleviate([ə'liːvɪeɪt]):(在痛苦方面)减轻,缓解,缓和•–Thedoctorgaveheraninjectiontoalleviatetheagony.•–医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。•–我们想帮助缓解国家粮食短缺的状况。•–Wewanttohelpalleviatethenationalfood•shortage.Beginning•[2]我们用大家所熟悉的病例开始：一个患了不治之症喉癌的病人病情危急，正在经受着极大的痛苦，这种痛苦已经不能有效地得到缓解了。即使目前的治疗依然继续下去，他几天之后也肯定会死去，但是因为痛苦不堪忍受，他不想再多熬些日子了。所以他请求医生结束他的生命，他的家人也同意这样做。•［3]Supposethedoctoragreestowithholdtreatment，astheconventionaldoctrinesayshemay.TheJustificationforhisdoingsoisthatthepatientisinterribleagony，andsinceheisgoingtodieanyway，itwouldbewrongtoprolonghissufferingneedlessly．Butnownoticethis．Ifonesimplywithholdstreatment,itmaytakethepatientlongertodie，andsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandlethalinjectiongiven．Thisfactprovidesstrongreasonforthinkingthat，oncetheinitialdecisionnottoprolonghisagonyhasbeenm