造纸原料概述

造纸原料概述沈静东北林业大学FourGreatInventionsofAncientChina•Papermaking•Printingtechnique•Compass•Gunpower•Thefollowingisalistofpre-papermediadevelopedbyearlyhumans:–Wood–Metal–Stone–Leaves–Ceramics–Bark–Papyrus–Parchment–Cloth~craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.pptEgyptiansandPapyrus•Thepapyrus(莎草纸)developedbefore2,200B.C.bytheEgyptianswasnotconsideredtruepaper.•Infact,theverywordpaperisderivedfromitsname.~craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.ppt://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/papyrus.html~seidti/iam/tc_pap66.htmlItappearssimilartocloth.~craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.pptManufactureofpapyrus•Papyrusismadefromthestemofthepapyrusplant.•Theouterrindisfirststrippedoff,andthestickyfibrousinnerpithiscutlengthwiseintothinstripsofabout40cm(16in)long.•Thestripsarethenplacedsidebysideonahardsurfacewiththeiredgesslightlyoverlapping,andthenanotherlayerofstripsislaidontopatarightangle.•Itisalsopossiblethatthetwolayersweregluedtogether.•Whilestillmoist,thetwolayersarehammeredtogether,mashingthelayersintoasinglesheet.Thesheetisthendriedunderpressure.Afterdrying,thesheetofpapyrusispolishedwithsomeroundedobject,possiblyastoneorseashellorroundhardwood.•ItiswidelyacceptedthatTs’aiLun,aChinesecourtofficial,inventedpaperin105AD.AbbreviationforAnnoDomini-LatinforTheYearOfOurLordTs’aiLun’sPaper•Mulberrybark•Hempwaste•Oldrags•FishnetsDifferencebetweenpaperandpapyrus•Paperdiffersfrompapyrusinthattheplantshavebeenbeatentoseparatethefibers,suspendedevenlyinwater,placedonawebbingtodrainoffthewater,anddried.•Thebeatingallowsahydrogenbondingtoformbetweenthefibers.Thishydrogenbondinggivespaperitscohesionandtearingstrength.原料？•Startingmaterials•Rawmaterials•Feedstocks•BasicmaterialsArawmaterialorfeedstockisthebasicmaterialfromwhichaproductismanufacturedormade,frequentlyusedwithanextendedmeaning..(Thirdedition,August2010;onlineversionNovember2010ed.).rawmaterialn.:OxfordUniversityPress)原料是一切工业生产的基础。造纸原料的基本要求（一）原料质量要好（二）原料资源要丰富、集中（三）原料价格要低廉FromProf.GangYuatNEFU造纸纤维原料的分类•植物纤维原料—Plant/vegetablefibers--木材-Wood--竹材-Bamboo--禾草-Grass--韧皮-Bast--籽毛/种毛—Seedhair--叶-Leaf•矿物纤维原料-Mineralfibers•合成纤维原料-Syntheticfibers•动物纤维原料-AnimalfibersFibersforPapermaking•Fibersaredefinedas“...toughthreadlikesubstancescapableofbeingspunorwoven,whethertheybenatural(vegetable,mineral,animal)orman-made.”•Inpapermaking,animalfibersaregenerallynotusedatall,andmineralfibersareusedonlyoccasionally.•Vegetablefibers(cellulose)weteasilyinawatermediumandwillformastrongbondtoeachotherwhendriedincontact.~craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.ppt造纸纤维原料中的细胞Thecellisthebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofallknownlivingorganisms.造纸纤维原料中细胞的功能•Onthebasisoffunctions,thecellscanbedividedintothreegroups:conductingcells,supportingcells,andstoragecells.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)•Conductingandsupportingcellsareelongated,axialcells(按轴向排列).•Inhardwoods,theconductingcellsconsistofvesselelements,andthesupportingcellsconsistoffibers.•Insoftwoods,tracheidsperformbothofthesefunctions.•Conductingcellsandsupportingcellsaredeadcellswhosecellcavitiesarefilledwithwaterandair.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)Storagecellsconsistofshort,thin-walledparenchyma([pE5reNkimE])cells.薄壁细胞植物纤维原料中的细胞类型•管胞-Tracheid•薄壁细胞-Parenchyma•导管-Vessel•木纤维—Fiber•表皮细胞—Epidermalcell•石细胞—Stonecell•Theraysofsoftwoodsarecomposedeitherofparenchymacellsaloneorofparenchymacellsandraytracheids.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)Softwoodsaresimpleandregularintheirstructure.Theirwoodsubstanceiscomposedmainlyoftwokindsofcells:longitudinal([lCdVi5tju:dil])tracheids([treikiid])andrayparenchyma([pE5reNkimE]).Approximately90-95%ofthewoodvolumeisoccupiedbythelongitudinaltracheids.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)管胞Tracheids(orfibers)areneedle-likecellswhichtransportfluidsthroughthetreeandprovidesstrength.(=239)Theaveragelengthoftracheidsvariesfromabout2to6mm(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)阔叶木原料中的细胞•导管-Vessels•木纤维--Fibers--韧型纤维-Libriform[5laibrE7fC:m]fibers--纤维管胞—Fibertracheids•管胞（有时有）•薄壁细胞-Parenchyma--木射线薄壁细胞-Rayparenchyma--纵向薄壁细胞-Longitudinalprenchyma(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)Vesselcellsaretheprincipalwater-conductingcelltypeoffloweringplants韧皮纤维-Libriform[5laibrE7fC:m]fibers(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)纤维管胞—Fibertracheids(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiberatlas:identificationofpapermakingfibers.Springer,1995.)导管（阔叶材）木射线（薄壁）细胞