Daniel Defoe&Robinson Crusoe

DanielDefoe&RobinsonCrusoeBIOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONDanielDefoe(1660-1731)Born:1660London,EnglandDied:1731St.Giles,Cripplegate,EnglandDanielDefoeOneoftheforerunnersofrealism丹尼尔·笛福(DanielDefoe,1660-1731)，生于伦敦一小工商业者家庭，幼时只受过普通中等教育。早年曾经商，办工厂，屡次破产，又屡次重新起家。笛福对写作和政治很感兴趣，早年写过很多文章和小册子，长年奔走于英格兰和苏格兰各地了解舆论情况，因文字两次获罪下狱。从1704年起，他创办《评论》杂志(TheReview,1704-1713)，这是英国第一份定期出版的文化和政治刊物，是英国报业的先驱。笛福年近花甲才开始小说创作，他的第一部小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》(RobinsonCrusoe,1719)是其代表作。DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel.Beforehistimestorieswereusuallywrittenaslongpoemsordramas.Defoewasoneofthefirsttowritestoriesaboutbelievablecharactersinrealisticsituationsusingsimpleprose.RobinsonCrusoe,(1719)是英国近代小说的开山之作；这部小说通过具体而真实的细节来叙述故事、刻划人物，以日常事件构成不平凡的故事，具有强烈的真实感，被认为是现实主义的创始之作。笛福的其它小说作品包括CaptainSingleton,1720,MollFlanders,1722,AJournalofthePlagueYear,1722,Roxana,1724等。《鲁宾逊漂流记》提要ThestoryofRobinsonCrusoe(1)CrusoeleavesEnglandonaseavoyagein1652againstthewishesofhisparents.TheshipistakenoverbypiratesandCrusoebecomesslaveofamoor.HemanagestoescapewithaboatandistakeninbyaPortugueseshipoffthewesterncoastofAfrica.TheshipisonroutetoBrazil.There,Crusoebecomesownerofaplantation.HejoinsanexpeditiontobringoverslavesfromAfrica,butheisshipwreckedonanisland(whichlaterturnsouttobenearthemouthoftheOrinocoriver).Hiscompanionsalldie;hemanagestofetcharms,toolsandothersuppliesfromtheship.Heproceedstobuildhimselfafenced-inhabitation,keepsacalendarbymakingmarksinapieceofwood,hunts,growscorn,learnshowtomakepottery,raisesgoatsetc.HereadstheBibleandslowlybecomesreligious,thankingGodforhisfateinwhichnothingismissingbutsociety.ThestoryofRobinsonCrusoe(2)Hefindsoutthatnativecannibalsoccasionallyvisittheislandtokillandeatprisoners.Atfirstheplanstokillthesavagesfortheirabomination,butthenherealizesthathehasnorighttodosoasthecannibalshavenotattackedhimanddonotknowinglycommitacrime.Hedreamsofgettinghimselfoneortwoservantsbyfreeingsomeprisoners,andindeed:whenaprisonermanagestoescape,Crusoehelpshimandthetwobecomefriends.CrusoenameshisnewcompanionFridayforthedayoftheweekheappeared,andheteacheshimEnglishandturnshimintoaChristian.ThenonedayanEnglishshipappears;itturnsoutthatamutinyhadbrokenoutontheshipandthemutineersintendtoleavetheircaptainontheisland.ThecaptainandCrusoemanagetoretaketheshipandtravelhome.Crusoehadspent28yearsontheisland.AfterreturningtoEuropewithFridayin1686,hefindsthathisplantationwaswellcaredforandhebecomesrich.FromPortugalhetravelstoEnglandviaSpainandFrance;inamountainousregioninwinter,heandhiscompanionshavetofendoffanattackofviciouswolfes.BackinEngland,hedecidestosellhisplantation,asreturningtoBrazilwouldentailconvertingtoCatholicism.Film!Readtextbook!Lead-inQuestions1.Willyoufollowyourparents’suggestionsormakeyourowndecisioninchoosingfuturejob?2.Doyouwanttoliveinanisolatedisland?Whyorwhynot?3.WhatdoyouknowaboutRobinsonCrusoeafterseeingthefilmandreadingtheexerpts?ThebackgroundTheintroductionofRobinsonCrusoeSummaryBackgroundRobinsonCrusoewaswritteninthemiddleof17thcentury.Atthattime,thebourgeoisrevolutionwasjustover.Robinsonwasepitomeofthesociety.Thenovelshowedthetimespiritthatadvocatedfreedomanddevelopment.Atthesametime,itshowedBenthamism(utilitarianism)intheworld.Robinson’syouthHefoughtagainsttheadviceofhisfather,pursuinghislivelihoodbygoingtosea.HedoessoandafterafalsestarthehassomesuccessbutathirdvoyageendsinslaveryHeeventuallyescapesandbecomesasuccessfulplantationowner.HeembarksonaslavegatheringexpeditiontoWestAfricabutisshipwreckedoffthecoastofVenezuelainaterriblestorm.Histwenty-eightyearsonanuninhabitedislandTherewasnothingbutsomejungles,wildanimals.WhenhecomestotheislandmakeagreatCrossontheShorelonelyTryingtoleavefoughtagainstcannibalsavageslaterrescuedonesavagenamedFridayfromdeathandmadehimhisservantFridayFriday:ThefirstnonwhitecharactertobegiveninarealisticandindividualportrayQ:Whywashenamed“Friday”?Q:WhatkindofapersonisFriday?Obedient,friendly,kindandhumaneQ:CompareRobinsonandFriday,whataretheirdifferences?Q:TherelationshipbetweenRobinsonandFriday?CrusoeSavesFridayfromtheCannibalsQ:WhatisCrusoe’smotivationtosaveFridayfromthecannibals?Q:BeingcultivatedbyCrusoe,Fridaylosthisownnationalidentityatthesametime.Doyouagreethisstatement?(master/slave;white/non-white;Christianity/barbarouseatinggroup)thecenterofEurope(欧洲中心论)FootprintQuestions1.WhatdoesCrusoereactonhissuddendiscoveryofafootprint?2.Whatisthesymbolicmeaningoffootprint?TheSymbolicmeaningofthefootprintCrusoe’sshockingdiscoveryofasinglefootprintonthesandisoneofthemostfamousmomentsinthenovel,anditsymbolizesourhero’sconflictedfeelingsabouthumancompanionship.Crusoehasearlierconfessedhowmuchhemissescompanionship,yettheevidenceofamanonhisislandsendshimintoapanic.Immediatelyheinterpretsthefootprintnegatively,astheprintofthedevilorofanaggressor.ThisinstinctivelynegativeandfearfulattitudetowardothersmakesusconsiderthepossibilitythatCrusoemaynotwanttoreturntohumansocietyafterall,andthattheisolationheisexperiencingmayactuallybehisidealstate.AfterRescueHavingfoundhisoldcaptain,hereceivedtheprofitaccruing(积累、增长)fromth