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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：商学系年级专业：08国际商务姓名：石华聪学号：0801022145附件：TheDevelopmentofTransportationandLogisticsinAsia:AnOverview指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日TheDevelopmentofTransportationandLogisticsinAsia:AnOverviewAbstractAsia'stradehassoaredoverthepasttwodecades.AnintegratedandglobaldirectdistributionbusinessmodelhasalreadybeendevelopedtoshipproductsdirectlyfromAsiatoWesternandothermarketsalongtheglobalsupplychain.Inspiteoftheirrichresources,AsiancountrieshavenotbeenabletoutilizetheirvastpotentialduetothelackofregionalconnectivityandtotheexistenceofchokepointsinAsiansupplychains.AnAsia-widetransportandlogisticsnetworkisessentialforAsiancountriestogettheirgoodstomarketsmoreeffectively,butitsoverallprogresshassofarbeenlimited.Aninnovativeapproachisneededtoaddressthephysicalinfrastructureaswellasthenonphysical,softinfrastructureissues.ThisarticleconcludeswithsolutionsidentifiedbyAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC).Thefocusofthisarticleisonselectedareaswithin.OverviewWiththefastpaceofglobalizationsincethe1980s,particularlytheoutsourcingofmanufacturingandservicesfromdevelopedWesterncountriestolow-costAsiandevelopingcountries,Asianeconomieshavebeengrowingrapidlyandhavebecometheworldfactoryoffinishedgoods.Asia'stradehassoaredoverthepasttwodecades,withthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)inparticularrecordingexplosivegrowth.ThePRC'sexportsgrewatanaverageofmorethan18percentperyearbetween1990and2007,whiletheothereightemergingeconomiesamongAsia'stop-10exportersrecordedexportgrowthofmorethan10percentayear(BrooksandStone2010).Abusinessmodelthatisintegratedandglobal,usesdirectdistribution,andemphasizesshippinghigh-valueproductsfromAsianfactoriesdirectlytoworldwidemarketshasbeendevelopedbymultinationalfirms.Thisintegratedmodelreplacesthetraditionalmultiechelon,pushbasedintemationaldistributionmodel;italsohelpstoreduceredundantinventoriesalongtheglobalsupplychainandspeedsuptimetomarket(Su2007).Duetoallthesechanges,Asianowaccountsforaboutone-fourthofworldtradeandworldgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),respectively(WorldBank2006).Withabout4.1billionpeoplein2009(PRB2009),Asiaisthemostpopulousregionintheworld,accountingfor60percentofpopulationandrepresentingenormousmarketopportunitiesformultinationalfirms.Therearearound20cross-regionalfreetradeagreements(FTAs)atdifferentstagesofimplementationthere.TheconsolidationofFTAsimproveseconomicwelfarecomparedtothecurrentbilateralism.AbroadPan-Asianagreement(coveringgoods,services,andtradecosts)involvingEastAsianandSouthAsianeconomiesisestimatedtooffersignificantimprovementtothegeneralwelfarethroughgainstoglobalincomeofaround$261billion(François,Rana,andWignaraja2009).AllEastandAsianandSouthAsianmembersofsuchanagreementwouldbenefitfromclosersubregionalcooperation.Fortrade-relatedinfrastructvire,thedominantmodeforfreighttransportbetweenEastAsiaandSouthAsiaremainsoceantransport.Thissituationisexpectedtocontinueintheforeseeablefuture.Theeffectivenessofoceantransportandothertrade-relatedinfrastructuretorespondtogrowingEastAsia-SouthAsiatradedependsonregionalabilitytomaintainhigh-qualityandefficientlogisticsservicesatacompetitivecost.Theneedforseatransporthasbeenamplified,especiallyfortime-sensitivegoods,duetoimprovementsintechnologyforcontainerizationandairfreight.AircargovolumehasgrownrapidlyandaircargoinvolvingAsiancountries,particularlywithinAsia,hasmuchhighergrowththanintheworldasawhole.EffectivelogisticsserviceandintermodalshippinghaveenabledAsiatotradewithmoremarkets,morequickly,andoftenatlowercost(BrooksandHummels2009).However,inspiteoftheirrichopportunities,Asiancountrieshaveyettoovercomechallengesassociatedwithfulfillingtheirpotential.TheavailabilityofinfrastructiureandofothertradefacilitationserviceshasfallenbehindthepaceofAsia'seconomicgrowth.TheunderdevelopmentoftransportandlogisticsinfrastructureandlackoflogisticsinfrastructureconnectivityamongAsiancountrieshavebeenmajorbarrierstofurthertradeandeconomicdevelopmentthere(Armstrong,Drysdale,andKalirajan2008;BhattacharyayandDe2009;BrooksandStone2010).TheEmergingFeaturesofTradeinAsiaTradevolumewithinAsiahasbeenrisingrapidlysincetheearly1980s.In2006Asiacontributedone-fourthofworldtradeingoods,secondinproductionafterEurope(seetable1).Asshownintable2,about50percentofAsia'sexportedgoodsaremovedwithintheregion,whichwaslowerthanpercentageofintraregiontradeinEuropeandNorthAmerica,mostlikelyduetolackofwell-establishedFTAsinAsia.Inparalleltogrovñngintraregionaltrade,Asia'sinterregionaltradehasalsogrownovertime.NorthAmerica(21.6percent)andEurope(18.4percent)havebecomethetwolargestnon-AsiandestinationsofAsia'sexports(seetable2).ThegrowthoftradeonthepartofthePRCtradeisparticularlynotable.Withaworldshareofabout9percentin2009(Batson2010),thePRCisdrivingAsia'sexportsintraregionallyandinterregionally.India'sriseinthelate1990shasfurtherfueledAsia'strade.ServingthegrowinginternationaldemandforgoodsandservicesafterWorldWarII,Asianeconomieshavetransformedfromindustrialproductionthatislaborintensivetoproductionthatiscapitalintensiveandtechnologydriven.Thechangeshavebeenreflectedintheproduct