语音学4

SpeechsoundsLecture4syllable,stress,tone,intonationOutlineSyllable1.Thestructureofasyllable2.MOPStress1.Definition2.TwolevelsofstressOutlineToneIntonation1.Definition2.TypesofintonationinEnglishStressInwordsofmorethanonesyllable,therewillbeonesyllablewhichismoreheavilystressedthantheothers.Wesaythatthissyllablecarriestheprimarystress(e.g..apartment).Insomelongerwords,othersyllablesmaycarrysecondarystress.Stress:wordstressandsentencestressWordstress:IneverywordinEnglish,thereisonemainemphasizedsyllable.Thevowelsoundinthissyllablesoundshigherinpitch,longer,andlouder,andthisiscalledstress.Theroleofstress:Thishelpscreatetherhythmofthelanguage,andknowinghowtorecognizethestressedsyllablewillhelpyouwithcomprehension.Placingthestresswhereitshouldbewhenyou'respeakinghelpsnativespeakersunderstandyoubetteraswell.://情态助动词nounsarticlesadjectivesconjunctionsadverbsprepositionsquestionwordspersonpronounsnegativesDemonstrativepronouns指示代词Nounse.g.kitchen,Peter(most)principal/mainverbse.g.visit,constructAdjectivese.g.beautiful,interestingAdverbse.g.often,carefullyNon-stressedwordsareconsideredFUNCTIONWORDS,whilestressedcontentwordsAuxiliaryverbse.g.do,am,can,werePrepositionse.g.before,nextto,oppositeConjunctionse.g.but,while,asPersonpronounse.g.they,she,us.Idon'tthinkheshouldgetthatjob.Meaning:SomebodyelseshouldgetthatjobIdon'tthinkheshouldgetthatjob.Meaning:Inmyopinionit'swrongthathe'sgoingtogetthatjobIdon'tthinkheshouldgetthatjob.Meaning:Heshouldgetanotherjob.Idon‘tthinkheshouldgetthatjob.Meaning:Maybeheshouldgetsomethingelseinstead1.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.2.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.3.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.4.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.5.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.6.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.7.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.a.Notjustahaircut.b.It'sapossibility.c.Itwasmyidea.d.Notsomethingelse.e.Don'tyouunderstandme?f.Notanotherperson.g.Sheshouldthinkaboutit.it'sagoodidea.Answers:1.c.2.e.3.f.4.b.5.g.6.a.7.d.Tones:pitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.1.Function:Distinguishmeaning,playsanimportantroleintonelanguage.2.toneisconcernedwithsegmentsandmorphemes,Generallyspeaking,words.Intonation:whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecalledintonation.1.Jones(1960)-thevariationswhichtakeplaceinthepitchofthevoiceinconnectedspeech,i.e.thevariationsinthepitchofthemusicalnoteproducedbyvibrationofthevocalcords.“2.Function:intonationgivesutterancesafurtherdiscoursalmeaningthatisindependentofthemeaningsofthewords(literalmeaning)themselves.3.ImportanceofIntonationknowledge:InEnglish,weusetonetosignalemotion,questioning,andpartsofthesentenceamongmanyotherthings.It'simportanttorecognizethemeaningbehindthetonesusedineverydayspeech,andtobeabletousethemsothattherearenomisunderstandingsbetweenthespeakerandthelistener.Itisgenerallytruethatmistakesinpronunciationofsoundscanbeoverlooked,butmistakesinintonationmakealastingimpression.4.Thepositionofthenucleus调核ofanintonation:Nucleus:thetoneassociatedwiththelastfullystressedsyllableofatune.Inotherwords,itisthestressedsyllabletowhichthespeakerwishestogivethegreatestprominencebymeansofapitchmovement.thenucleususuallyfallsonthelaststressedsyllable.e.g.Ifeelrathertired.Areyouaworkerorapeasant?ThedifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishlanguage:TheChinesebelongstothetone音调language,whileEnglishbelongstotheintonation语调language,thatis,intonationdoesnotbelongtoasinglewordbutwords.FourtonesinChinese:level,rise,fall-rise,fall,妈,麻,马,骂(阴平，阳平，上声，去声)InEnglish,intonationisusedtodistinguishdifferenttypesofsentences.InChinese,onlywords--notsentences--havetonevalues.Thepinyinsystemisdesignedtoshowthesetones.卖鱼的扯着嗓子一个劲地叫喊着：鱼啦，鱼啦。旁边一个卖枣的也不甘示弱，紧接着嚷：糟(枣)啦，糟(枣)啦。鱼啦。糟啦。鱼啦。糟拉。卖鱼的越听越不对劲，觉得卖枣的好像有意跟他作对，于是两人吵了起来。TheimportanceofEnglishintonation:itaddsthedifferentmeaningtothewords——intonationmeaning.Therefore,wewillimproveourEnglishcommunicationabilityifwestudysomefundamentalknowledgeoftheintonation.ThenativeEnglishspeakersareverysensitivetotone.Forthem,themostimportantthingisnotwhatyousaybuthowyousaythatcounts.ManyChinesestudentsarenottoosensitivetothetone,ortheydonotknowwhereandwhentheraisingtoneisadopted,andthefallingtonetoo.Therefore,whentheyreadoutanEnglishpassage,theymayreadeverysentenceinthefixedfallingtonefromthebeginningtotheend,whichsoundsparticularlyunnatural.Fourbasictypesofintonation:falling,rising,fall-rise,rise-fall.Falling:straight-forward,fact,certainty,completenessanddefiniteness,Rising:incompletenessanduncertaintyorquestioningFall-rise:falling-risingissaidtohavefeelingsofhesitation,contrast,reservationordoubt,impliedmessage1.They‘recomingtomorrow,aren’tthey?↘Whenithasafallingtone,thespeakeriscomparativelycertainthattheinformationiscorrect,andsimplyaskingforconfirmation,2.They‘recomingtomorrow,aren’tthey?↗theris