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AlfredTennyson(1809-1892)•EnglishpoetoftenregardedasthechiefrepresentativeoftheVictorianageinpoetry.•TennysonsucceededWordsworthasPoetLaureatein1850LordAlfredTennyson•QueenVictoriawasanardentadmirerofTennyson'swork,andin1884createdhimBaronTennyson,ofAldworthintheCountyofSussexandofFreshwaterintheIsleofWight.•Tennysoninitiallydeclinedabaronetcyin1865and1868(whentenderedbyDisraeli),finallyacceptingapeeragein1883atGladstone'searnestsolicitation.HetookhisseatintheHouseofLordson11March1884.Life•Alfred,LordTennysonwasbornonAugust5,1809inSomersby,Lincolnshire.•Hisfather,GeorgeClaytonTennyson,aclergymanandrector,sufferedfromdepressionandwasnotoriouslyabsentminded.•AlfredbegantowritepoetryatanearlyageinthestyleofLordByron.•Afterspendingfourunhappyyearsinschoolhewastutoredathome.TennysonthenstudiedatTrinityCollege,Cambridge,wherehejoinedtheliteraryclub'TheApostles'andmetArthurHallam,whobecamehisclosestfriend.•TennysonpublishedPoems,ChieflyLyrical,in1830,whichincludedthepopularMariana.LifeandWorks•Hisnextbook,Poems(1833),receivedunfavorablereviews,andTennysonceasedtopublishfornearlytenyears.•HallamdiedsuddenlyonthesameyearinVienna.ItwasaheavyblowtoTennyson.HebegantowriteInMemoriam,anelegyforhislostfriend-theworktookseventeenyears.•TheLadyofShalott,TheLotus-eatersMorted'ArthurandUlyssesappearedin1842inthetwo-volumePoemsandestablishedhisreputationasawriter.•AftermarryingEmilySellwood,thecouplesettledinFarringford,ahouseinFreshwaterontheIsleofWightin1853.Fromtherethefamilymovedin1869toAldworth,Surrey.Duringtheselateryearsheproducedsomeofhisbestpoems.LifeandWorks•AmongTennyson'smajorpoeticachievementsistheelegymourningthedeathofhisfriendArthurHallam,InMemoriam(1850).•ThepatrioticpoemChargeoftheLightBrigade,publishedinMaud(1855),isoneofTennyson'sbestknownworks.•AlthoughatfirstMaudwasfoundobscureormorbidbycriticsrangingfromGeorgeEliottoGladstone.•“EnochArden”(1864)wasbasedonatruestoryofasailorthoughtdrownedatseawhoreturnedhomeafterseveralyearstofindthathiswifehadremarried.•IdyllsOfTheKing(1859-1885)dealtwiththeArthuriantheme.•Inthe1870sTennysonwroteseveralplays,amongthemthepoeticdramasQueenMary(1875)andHarold(1876).In1884hewascreatedabaron.•TennysondiedatAldwortonOctober6,1892andwasburiedinthePoets'CornerinWestminsterAbbey.Writing•Tennysonusedawiderangeofsubjectmatter,rangingfrommedievallegendstoclassicalmythsandfromdomesticsituationstoobservationsofnature,assourcematerialforhispoetry.•TheinfluenceofJohnKeatsandotherRomanticpoetspublishedbeforeandduringhischildhoodisevidentfromtherichnessofhisimageryanddescriptivewriting.Poems:rhythm•Healsohandledrhythmmasterfully.TheinsistentbeatofBreak,Break,Breakemphasizestherelentlesssadnessofthesubjectmatter.•Tennyson'suseofthemusicalqualitiesofwordstoemphasizehisrhythmsandmeaningsissensitive.ThelanguageofIcomefromhauntsofcootandhernliltsandrippleslikethebrookinthepoemandthelasttwolinesofComedownOmaidfromyondermountainheightillustratehistellingcombinationofonomatopoeia,alliterationandassonance:–Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms–Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.•Tennysonwasacraftsmanwhopolishedandrevisedhismanuscriptsextensively.Fewpoetshaveusedsuchavarietyofstyleswithsuchanexactunderstandingofmetre;likemanyVictorianpoets,heexperimentedinadaptingthequantitativemetresofGreekandLatinpoetrytoEnglish.•HereflectstheVictorianperiodofhismaturityinhisfeelingfororderandhistendencytowardsmoralizingandself-indulgentmelancholy.•HealsoreflectsaconcerncommonamongVictorianwritersinbeingtroubledbytheconflictbetweenreligiousfaithandexpandingscientificknowledge.•Likemanywriterswhowriteagreatdealoveralongtime,hecanbepompousorbanal,buthispersonalityringsthroughoutallhisworks—workthatreflectsagrandandspecialvariabilityinitsquality.•Tennysonpossessedthestrongestpoeticpower;heputgreatlengthintomanyworks,mostfamousofwhichareMaudandIdyllsoftheKing,thelatteroneofliterature'streatmentsofthelegendofKingArthurandTheKnightsoftheRoundTable.拍岸曲•浪花飞溅，打在冰冷的灰岩上啊，大海啊当思想升腾的时候我想我应该有所表达•你看，渔民的儿子多么棒他正在和他妹妹玩耍你看，海员小伙多么棒他在海湾的船上歌唱•豪华的游轮次序发出去它们在山下的海港但是，哎，再也没有那双手的抚摩昔日的声音已经凝固•浪花飞溅，打在悬崖的脚下啊，大海啊那些柔和的感情皆已碎了那些日子不再降临尤利西斯•这太无谓——当一个闲散的君主安居家中，在这个嶙峋的岛国．我与年老的妻子相匹，颁布着不公的法律，治理野蛮的种族，——他们吃、睡、收藏，而不理解我。我不能停歇我的跋涉；我决心饮尽生命之杯。我一生都在体验巨大的痛苦、巨大的欢乐，有时与爱我的狄伴一起，有时却独自一个；不论在岸上或海上，当带来雨季的毕宿星团催动激流滚滚，扬起灰暗的海波。我已经变成这样一个名字，—一由于我如饥似渴地漂泊不止，我已见识了许多民族的城及其风气、习俗、枢密院、政府，而我在他们之中最负盛名；在遥远而多风的特洛亚战场，我曾陶醉于与敌手作战的欢欣。我自己是我全部经历的一部分；而全部经验，也只是一座拱门，尚未游历的世界在门外闪光，而随着我一步一步的前进，它的边界也不断向后退让。最单调最沉闷的是停留，是终止，是蒙尘生锈而不在使用中发亮！难道说呼吸就能算是生活？几次生命堆起来尚嫌太少，何况我唯一的生命已余年无多。唯有从永恒的沉寂之中抢救每个小时，让每个小时带来一点新的收获。最可厌的是把自己长期封存、贮藏起来，让我灰色的灵魂徒然渴望在人类思想最远的边界之外追求知识．像追求沉没的星星。尤利西斯•这是我的儿子忒勒玛科斯，我给他留下我的岛国和王杖，他是我所爱的，他有胆有识，能胜任这一工作；谨慎耐心地教化粗野的民族，用温和的步骤驯化他们，使他们善良而有用。他是无可指责的，他虽年少，在我离去后他会担起重任，并对我家的佑护神表示崇敬。他和我，将各做各的工作。尤利西斯•海港就在那边，船儿已经扬帆，大海黑暗一片。我的水手们——与我同辛劳、同工作、同思想的人，对雷电和阳光永远同等欢迎．并用自由的心与头颅来抗争，——你们和我都已老了，但老年仍有老年的荣誉、老年的辛劳；死亡终结一切，但在终点前我们还能做一番崇高的事业，使我们配称为与神斗争的人。礁石上的灯标开始闪光了，长昼将尽，月亮缓缓攀登，大海用无数音响在周围呻唤。来呀．朋友们，探寻更新的世界现在尚不是为时过晚。开船吧！尤利西斯•坐成排，划破这喧哗的海浪，我决心驶向太阳沉没的彼方，超越西方星斗的浴场，至死方止。也许深渊会把我们吞噬，也许我们将到达琼岛乐土，与老朋友阿喀琉斯会晤。尽管已达到的多，未知的也多啊，虽然我们的力量已不如当初，已远非昔日移天动地的雄姿，但我们仍是