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Lesson1Text:CivilEngineering教学要求:1、掌握有关civilengineering的专业术语；2、熟悉一些常见的表达方式；3、能正确、流畅地翻译。Civilengineering,theoldestofengineeringspecialties,istheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationandcivilengineering：土木工程；construction[kən‘strʌkʃən]：施工、建设、结构；irrigation：灌溉；drainage：排水；土木工程是工程学科里最古老的一门学科，包括建造环境的规划、设计、施工以及管理。这个环境包括所有根据科学原理建造的从灌溉和排水系统到火箭-发射设施的结构在内。drainagesystemtorocket-launchingfacilities.civilengineeringbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations.Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairports,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial,commercial,orresidentialuse.Inaddition,civilengineersplan,design,andbuildcompletecitiesandtowns,andmorerecentlyhavebeenplanninganddesigningspaceplatformstohouseself-containedcommunities.powerplant：动力厂(发电厂)；powerstationwaterandsewagesystems：饮用水和污水系统（给水排水系统）；masstransit：公共交通；residential[.rezi‘denʃəl]：住宅的；house:容纳；self-contained:自足的,完备的；土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电厂、给水排水系统、医院、学校、公共交通以及其他对现代社会和人口集中处不可缺少的公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，如机场、铁路、管道、摩天大楼，以及其他用于工业、商业或者居住使用的大型建筑物。另外，土木工程师还规划、设计和建造完整的城镇，并且最近一直在规划和设计容纳设施齐全社区的空间平台。ThewordcivilderivesformtheLatinforcitizen.In1872,EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermdodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofmilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime.Sincethen,thetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilities,althoughthefieldismuchbroader.“civil”这个词汇来源于拉丁文，意为“市民”。1872年，英国人JohnSmeaton首次使用这个词用来区别他的非军事建筑和当时占主导地位的军事建筑。从那以后，“civilengineering”就被用来指建造公共设施的工程师，不过现在这个词汇领域已经非常广泛了。JohnSmeatonJohnSmeaton(8June1724–28October1792)wasacivilengineer–indeed,heisoftenregardedasthefatherofcivilengineering–responsibleforthedesignofbridges,canals,harboursandlighthouses.Hewasalsoamorethancapablemechanicalengineerandaneminentphysicist.Scope.Becauseitissobroad,civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.Dependingonthetypeofproject,theskillsofmanycivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded.Whenaprojectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement-water,sewer,andpowerlines.Geotechnicalspecialistsperformsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject.Environmentalspecialistsstudytheproject’simpactonlocalarea:thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theproject’simpactonlocalanimalandplantlife,andhowtheprojectcanbedesigntomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.survey[sə:‘vei]：测量、勘察；map：测绘；placement：方位；sewer：污水管应用范围。由于用途之广，土木工程被划分为很多技术学科。根据不同的工程类型，则需要很多相应的有着各类土木工程师技能的专家。当一个工程开始实施，首先需要土木工程师测绘场地，工程师要确定给水、排水和能源线路的位置。岩土工程专家则要通过土工试验以确定土壤是否能承受建筑物的重量。环境专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括可能存在的空气和地下水污染，工程对当地动物和植物的影响，以及如何满足政府提出的旨在保护环境的要求。Transportationspecialistsdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesisneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsandothertransportationnetworksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.Meanwhile,structuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaildesign,plans,andspecificationsfortheproject.Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists,frombeginningtoendoftheproject,aretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.specification[.spesifi‘keiʃən]：规格、详述、说明书；supervise[‘sju:pəvaiz]：监督、管理；coordinate[kəu‘ɔ:dinit]:协调,整合；交通专家决定何种设施可以缓解当地公路及其他运输网络的压力。同时，结构专家利用最初的数据来进行工程的详细设计、规划和技术说明。建设管理专家负责管理和协调整个工程从开始到结束的操作。Basedontheinformationsuppliedbytheotherspecialists,constructionmanagementcivilengineersestimatequantitiesandcostsofmaterialsandlabor,scheduleallwork,ordermaterialsandequipmentforthejob,hireconstructorsandsubconstructors,andperformothersupervisoryworktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeandasspecified.constructor：承包商；subconstructor：分包商；根据其他专家提供的数据，建设管理工程师要估计材料、人工的用量及费用，安排所有工作，负责调配材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分承包商，以及其他的监控工作，以保证工程按期按质完成。Throughoutanygivenproject,civilengineersmakeextensiveuseofcomputers.Computersareusedtodesigntheproject’svariouselements(computer-aideddesign,orCAD)andtomanageit.Computersareanecessityformoderncivilengineersbecausetheypermittheengineertoefficientlyhandlethelargequantitiesofdataneededindeterminingthebestwaytoconstructaproject.贯穿所有工程，土木工程师要广泛地利用计算机，来进行各种设计和管理（计算机辅助设计，CAD)。对于现代土木工程师来说计算机是非常必要的，因为计算机可以让工程师有效率地处理大量所需数据以决定一个工程实施的最有效途径。Structuralengineering.Inthisspecialty,civilengineersplananddesignstructuresofalltypes,includingbridges,dams,powerplants,supportsforequipment,specialstructuresforoffshoreprojects,theUnitedStatesspaceprogram,transmissiontowers,giantastronomicalandradiotelescopes,andmanyotherkindsofprojects.Usingcomputers,structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresist:itsownweight,windandhurricaneforces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials,andearthquakes.Theyalsodeterminethecombinationofappropriatematerials:steel,concrete,plastic,stone,asphalt,brick,aluminum,orothersconstructionmaterials.Structuralengineering：结构工程supportsforequipment：设备支撑；transmissiontower：输电塔；giantas