Ralph Waldo Emerson

RalphWaldoEmersonWhatisTranscendentalism?“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism”.-----Emerson•Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit.(para4line6)•大自然总是披着情感的外衣。•InEmerson’sopinion,spiritinvolvesman’smindandthenature,materialisthesymbolofspirit.So,heholdstheviewthatman’stranscendenteffectshouldbeunleashed.(在他看来，精神渗透人的心灵和自然界，物质为精神之象征。他主张发挥人的超验作用)TheresultofcombinationofforeigninfluencesandnativePuritantradition:1.GermanandFrenchidealism(唯心主义),originatingfromSchelling,Fichte,KantandThomasCarlyle.2.Frencheclecticism(折衷主义)，especiallythatofCousin,Collard,GerandoandJouffroy.3.Orientalmysticism(神秘主义),representedbyHinduworks,thoseofConfuciusandMencius.NorthAmericaSouthAmericaAfricaAustraliaAsiaEurope•Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit.(para4line6)•大自然总是披着情感的外衣。•InEmerson’sopinion,spiritinvolvesman’smindandthenature,materialisthesymbolofspirit.So,heholdstheviewthatman’stranscendenteffectshouldbeunleashed.(在他看来，精神渗透人的心灵和自然界，物质为精神之象征。他主张发挥人的超验作用)4.AmericanPuritanism,representedbyJonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklin.coresofCalvinism:innatedepravityandelectiontograceGod-dominantneglecttheindividual'sworkandthebearingofhischaracterM-18thC,asserthumannatureandtheimportanceofindividualpietyandethicalpracticeinsalvation3decadesofcontroversy,atlastthesplitoftheoriginalPuritanchurches,formationofUnitarian(一神教派)Associationin1825spokesman:ChanningLikenesstoGod,divinepotentialwithinindividualandthenecessitytocultivateitAmericanTranscendentalism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)TheAmericanTranscendentalismischaracterizedby:•emphasisonintuition,thespiritortheOversoul;•thestressontheimportanceofindividualism;•praiseofnatureasasymboloftheSpiritorGod;•beliefinself-trustandself-reliance;•dignityofmanuallabor.HisLife1Majorworks2WritingStyle3Contributions45CONTENTSEmerson’sEarlyLife•BornonElectionDayin1803inBoston,MA.•BornonthesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin.•FatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage.EarlyLife•Fatherpassesawayatage8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.•RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances.•Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.TeacherandPriest•Aftergraduation,EmersonbecameaschoolteacherinsuburbanBoston.•1823graduatedfromseminaryschoolandbecameapriesttofollowinthefootstepsofhisfather.LateLifeandDeath•Upsetinthe1860sbythecomingoftheCivilWar,livedaquietlifewithhisfamily.•Hishouseburnttothegroundin1872.•DiedonApril27th,1882.Nature《论自然》1836TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》1837DivinitySchoolAddress《神学院演讲》1838TheOversoul《论超灵》1841SelfReliance《论自立》1841Essays:FirstSeries《散文一集》1841Essays:SecondSeries《散文二集》1844Poems《诗集》1846RepresentativeMen《代表人物》1850EnglishTraits《英国人的特性》1856NaturalHistoryofIntellect《知识的自然历史》1893HisMajorWorksNow,let’sgotothetext...•Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.•为了寻得孤身独处，人有必要走出卧房，退出社会，回归自然。•Natureistheembodimentofhuman’smind.Joyfulnaturerepresentshappiness,whilesadnatureshowssorrow.(爱默生眼中的自然是人的精神化身，欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐，哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁)ClickToEditTitleStyleNature《论自然》1836•Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.(para1)•为了寻得孤身独处，人有必要走出卧房，退出社会，回归自然。•Natureistheembodimentofhuman’smind.Joyfulnaturerepresentshappiness,whilesadnatureshowssorrow.(爱默生眼中的自然是人的精神化身，欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐，哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁)•Standingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBingcirculatethroughme;IampartofGod.当我伫足旷野，头脑陶醉在宜人的空气中，身体只觉得飘飘然腾空而起，所有卑微的私心杂念都荡然无存了。我变成了一颗透明的眼球。我渺小至极，却洞悉一切。世间生灵汇成一股洪流，在我周身循环，我成了上帝或大或小的一个部分。•Emersonstressesthatmenareinharmonywiththenature.(爱默生强调人与自然界的和谐一致)•Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit.•大自然总是披着情感的外衣。•InEmerson’sopinion,spiritinvolvesman’smindandthenature,materialisthesymbolofspirit.So,heholdstheviewthatman’stranscendenteffectshouldbeunleashed.(在他看来，精神渗透人的心灵和自然界，物质为精神之象征。他主张发挥人的超验作用)Hisattitudetowardsnature:Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarmentoftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalivewithGod’spresence.Itexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Childrencanseenaturebetterthanadult.“Self-Reliance”wasfirstpublishedinhis1841collection,Essays:FirstSeries.ItcontainsthemostsolidstatementofoneofEmerson'srepeatingthemes,theneedforeachindividualtoavoidconformityandfalseconsistency,andfollowhisorherowninstinctsandideas.ThemeofSelf-RelianceBeyourself.Trustyourowninnervoice.Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.Accepttheplacethedivineprovidencehasfoundforyou,thesocietyofyourcontemporaries,theconnectionofevents.Greatmenhavealwaysdoneso,信任你自己吧：每颗心都随着那弦跳动，接受上苍为你找到的地位──同代人组成的社会和世网。巨大的人物总是像孩子似地将自己托付给时期的精力,表露他们所感知到的上帝正在他们内心引起骚动，正假他们之手在运作，并驾驭着他们全部身心。andconfidedthemselveschildliketothegeniusoftheirage,betrayingtheirperceptionthattheabsolutelytrustworthywasseatedattheirheart,workingthroughtheirhands,predominatinginalltheirbeing.itiseasyinsolitudetoliveafterourown;butthegreatmanishewhointhemidstofthec