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1语法复习：一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）；次要成分有表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)、补足语（complement）和同位语（appositive）；句子的成分由实词担任。实词有名词n,代词pron,形容词adj,副词adv,数词num,动词v,;虚词有冠词art,介词prep,连词conj,助动词helpingv.等，虚词在句中只起辅助和联系作用，不能单独做句子成分。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示所谈的是“谁”或“什么”，一般位于句首，即在谓语之前。可充当主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）Tenisaveryimportantnumber.(数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式todo）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词doing）Hisbeinglatemadeherveryangry.(带有逻辑主语的动名词doing)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式todo）It’snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句）但在therebe结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语/助动词/情态动词后面。（三）谓语：谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”，或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词，助动词四类其中，1.实义动词包括及物动词vt.(后要带宾语)和不及物动词vi.2.连系动词包括：系动词be；感官动词look/sound/smell/feel/taste；表示“保持，持续”keep,remain,stay,continue，表示变化：go,get,grow,become,fall,turn；表示“好像”：seem,appear.3.情态动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词有can/could,may/might,must,haveto,shall/should,will/would,oughtto,dare,need,usedto.如：Imustgo.WemustworkveryhardatEnglish.HewilldrivetoBeijingtomorrow.4.助动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词一起构成谓语。如：Idon’tlikereading.Doyoulikereading….?Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Doeshegetupearly?Wedidn’tseehim.Didyougothere？Sheiswritingaletternow.Ishesinging?Theyaredancingnow.Areyouwaitingforme?Ihaven’tfinishedityet.Haveyouseenthefilm?Shehadgonetherebeforeyouleft.Hadhesentyoutheemailbeforeyoutoldme?2综上句子，助动词do/does/did帮助构成否定式和疑问句；助动词is/am/are/was/were帮助构成进行时态和疑问句;助动词have/has/had帮助构成完成时态和疑问句另：谓语有时态，语态，语气，人称的变化。时态主动语态被动语态1.一般现在时：(1)be(am/is/are)；(2)动词原形/动词的三单形式+s/es，am/is/are＋p.p2.一般过去时:(1)be(was/were,)(2)动词的过去式-ed)was/were＋p.p.3.现在进行时:(am\is\are+动词的现在分词doing)am/is/are+being+p.p.4.过去进行时:was\were+动词的现在分词doing)was/were+being＋p.p.5.一般将来时:(1)am\is\aregoingto+动词原形)is/am/aregoingtobe+p.p.(2)will\shall+动词原形)will/shallbe＋p.p.6.过去将来时:(1)was\weregoingto+动词原形）was/weregoingtobe+p.p(2)would\should+动词原形)wouldbe＋p.p7.现在完成时:(has\have+动词的过去分词p.p)have/hasbeen＋p.p.8.过去完成时:(had+动词的过去分词p.p)hadbeen＋p.p.9.含情态动词的句子:(can\may\must…+动词原形）情态动词+be+p.p（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,go，get,grow,fall,turn,seem,appear,keep,remain,look/sound/smell/feel/sound,等）之后。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词vt.和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）3宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Lendyourdictionarytome,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词vt，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由以下词来充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：单个词做定语放在被修饰词前面（前置定语）；短语做定语放在被修饰词后面（后置定语）；Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning.(数词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）Weshouldfollowtheteacher’sadvice.?(名词所有格)HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）Don’twakeupthesleepingbaby.(现在分词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（现在分词/过去分词）Themantogiveusthespeechisaprofessor.(动词不定式)Themanupstairscamebacklate.Whoisthemanoverthere?(副词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）HeisreadingannovelwhichiswrittenbyHanhan.(定语从句)但：形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing等时放在这些词之后。Ihavesomethingimportanttodo.（八）状语：修饰动词v,形容词adj,副词adv,或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可充当状语的有：HespeaksEnglishbadlybutreadsitwell.(副词)Naturallyhewonthegame.(副词)Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Atthetopwestoppedtolookattheview.（不定式短语---目的状语）4Walkinginthestreet,Imetmyoldfriend.(分词---时间状语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语—伴随状语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语按用途可分为以下10类：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredtha