介绍曼德拉的ppt

NelsonMandelaTheintroductionofMandela:NelsonMandelaservedasthePresidentofSouthAfricafrom1994to1999.HewasthefirstSouthAfricanpresidenttobeelectedinafullyrepresentativedemocraticelection.MandelajoinedtheAfricanNationalCongressin1944andwasengagedinresistanceagainsttherulingNationalParty'sapartheidpoliciesafter1948.Hewentontrialfortreasonin1956-1961andwasacquittedin1961.In1962hewasarrestedandconvictedofsabotageandothercharges,andsentencedtolifeinprison.Mandelaserved27yearsinprison.Duringhisyearsinprison,NelsonMandela'sreputationgrewsteadily.Afterhisreleasefromprisonin1990,heplungedhimselfwholeheartedlyintohislife'swork,strivingtoattainthegoalsheandothershadsetoutalmostfourdecadesearlier.Mandelaledhispartyinthenegotiationsthatledtomulti-racialdemocracyin1994.Aspresident,hefrequentlygaveprioritytoreconciliation,whileintroducingpoliciesaimedatcombatingpovertyandinequalityinSouthAfrica.Heisauniversalsymbolofsocialjusticeandanexemplaryfigureconnotingnon-racialismanddemocracy.CourtroomquotesbyNelsonMandela“IhavefoughtagainstwhitedominationandIhavefoughtagainstblackdomination.Ihavecherishedtheidealofademocraticandfreesocietyinwhichallpersonslivetogetherinharmonyandwithequalopportunities.ItisanidealwhichIhopetoliveforandtoachieve.Butifneedsbe,itisanidealforwhichIampreparedtodie.”So,herecomesthequestion:DoyouknowhowmassarrestsandbloodyretaliationswereavoidedinSouthAfricawhenNelsonMandelawaselectedpresident?Thebackgroundoftheelection:Withtheelectionsetfor27April1994,theANCbegancampaigning,opening100electionofficesandorchestratingPeople'sForumsacrossthecountry,atwhichMandelacouldappear,asapopularfigurewithgreatstatusamongblackSouthAfricans.TheANCcampaignedonaReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme(RDP)tobuildamillionhousesinfiveyears,introduceuniversalfreeeducationandextendaccesstowaterandelectricity.Theparty'ssloganwasabetterlifeforall,althoughitwasnotexplainedhowthisdevelopmentwouldbefunded.WiththeexceptionoftheWeeklyMailandtheNewNation,SouthAfrica'spressopposedMandela'selection,fearingcontinuedethnicstrife,insteadsupportingtheNationalorDemocraticParty.MandeladevotedmuchtimetofundraisingfortheANC,touringNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsiatomeetwealthydonors,includingformersupportersoftheapartheidregime.Healsourgedareductioninthevotingagefrom18to14;rejectedbytheANC,thispolicybecamethesubjectofridicule.ConcernedthatCOSAGwouldunderminetheelection,particularlyinthewakeoftheconflictinBophuthatswanaandtheShellHouseMassacre–incidentsofviolenceinvolvingtheAWBandInkatha,respectively–MandelametwithAfrikanerpoliticiansandgenerals,includingP.W.Botha,PikBothaandConstandViljoen,persuadingmanytoworkwithinthedemocraticsystem,andwithdeKlerkconvincedInkatha'sButhelezitoentertheelectionsratherthanlaunchawarofsecession.Asleadersofthetwomajorparties,deKlerkandMandelaappearedonateleviseddebate;althoughdeKlerkwaswidelyconsideredthebetterspeakerattheevent,Mandela'soffertoshakehishandsurprisedhim,leadingsomecommentatorstoconsideritavictoryforMandela.Theelectionwentaheadwithlittleviolence,althoughanAWBcellkilled20withcarbombs.Aswidelyexpected,theANCwonasweepingvictory,taking62percentofthevote,justshortofthetwo-thirdsmajorityneededtounilaterallychangetheconstitution.TheANCwasalsovictoriousinsevenprovinces,withInkathaandtheNationalPartyeachtakinganother.MandelavotedattheOhlangeHighSchoolinDurban,andthoughtheANC'svictoryassuredhiselectionasPresident,hepubliclyacceptedthattheelectionhadbeenmarredbyinstancesoffraudandsabotage.MaybeitisalittledifficultforustoknowhowmassarrestsandbloodyretalitaionswereavoidedinSouthAfricaWhenhewaselectedpresidentonearth,butwecanstillfindsomecluesbecauseofhiswinningoftheNobelPeacePrizein1993.Excerpt（摘要）fromtheNobelPeacePrizeacceptancespeech:“Westandheretodayasnothingmorethanarepresentativeofthemillionsofourpeoplewhoadredtoriseupagainstasocialsystemwhoseveryessenceiswar,violence,racism,oppression,repressionandtheimpoverishmentofanentirepeople.”Thisisasmallpassagefromthetextbookinseniorhighschool:Fromthispassage,wecanconcludethatNelsonMendeladidsomethingbenificialtotheblack,totellthetruth,Mendeladidmanythingsfortheblackandthewhite,anditisthemainreasonwhypeopleavoidedsomanyarrestsandbloodyretalitationswhenhewaselected.anti-apartheidactivismMandelabecamethenation'sconscienceasithealedfromthescarsofapartheid.Hisdefianceofwhiteminorityruleandlongincarcerationforfightingagainstsegregationfocusedtheworld'sattentiononapartheid,thelegalizedracialsegregationenforcedbytheSouthAfricangovernmentuntil1994.FormerSouthAfricanPresidentF.W.deKlerk,whowasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizewithMandelain1993fortransitioningthenationfromasystemofracialsegregation,describedtheirfirstmeeting.Themainreason:WaravertedDespitechronicpoliticalviolencebeforethevotethatputhiminofficein1994,SouthAfricaavoidedafull-fledgedcivilwarinitstransitionfromapartheidtomultipartydemocracy.ThepeacewasdueinlargeparttotheleadershipandvisionofMandelaanddeKlerk.Wewereexpectedbytheworldtoself-destructinthebloodiestcivilwaralongracialgrounds,Mandelasaidduringa2004celebrationtomarkadecadeofd