搜索
一、名词解释1、Psychologicaldistance:itmaybethatthetrulypragmaticbasisofspecialdeixisisactuallypsychological.Physicallycloseobjectswilltendtobetreatedbythespeakeraspsychologicallyclose.Also,sththatisphysicallydistantwillgenerallybetreatedaspsychologicallydistant.2、Reference:referenceisanactinwhichaspeaker,orwriter,useslinguisticformstoenablealistener,orreader,toidentifysomething.3、inference:Inferenceistheactorprocessofderivinglogicalconclusionsfrompremisesknownorassumedtobetrue.4、Presupposition:apresuppositionissomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomakinganutterance,speakers,notsentences,havepresupposition.5、Entailment:anentailmentissomethingthatlogicallyfollowsfromwhatisassertedintheutterance,sentences,notspeakers,haveentailments.6、Face,:facemeansthepublicself-imageofaperson.Itrefersthatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.7、Politeness:inaninteraction,canthenbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherperson'sface.二、简答题1、what'spragmatics?Typesofit.Pragmaticsisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener{orreader}①pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning.②pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning.③pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetsitcommunicatedthanissaid.④pragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.2、what'sdeixis?Deixisisatechnicalterm(fromGreek)foroneofthemostbasicthingswedowithutterance.Itmeans'pointing'vialanguage.Anylinguisticformusedtoaccomplishthis'pointing'iscalledadeicticexpression.Deicticexpressionsarealsosometimescalledindexicals.Theyareamongthefirstformstobebrokenbyveryyoungchildrenandcanbeusedtoindicatepeopleviapersondeixis(me,you),orlocationviaspatialdeixis(here,there),ortimeviatemporaldeixis(now,then).3、Typesofpresupposition.①Theexistentialpresuppositionisnotonlyassumedtobepresentinpossessiveconstruction(forexample,'yourcar''youhaveacar)②Thepresupposedinformationfollowingaverblike'know'canbetreatedasafact,andisdescribedasafactivepresupposition,suchas‘realize’and‘regret’..③Generalspeaking,inlexicalpresupposition,theuseofoneformwithitsassertedmeaningisconventionallyinterpretedwiththepresuppositionthatanother(non-asserted)meaningisunderstood,suchas‘stop’,‘star’,and‘again’.④Inadditiontopresuppositionwhichareassociatedwiththeuseofcertainwordsandphrases,therearealsostructuralpresupposition.(forexample,whendidheleave?heleft./wheredidyoubuythebike?youboughtthebike.)⑤Anon-factivepresuppositionisonethatisassumednottobetrue.(example,IdreamedthatIwasrich.Iwasnotrich/weimaginedwewereinHawaii.wewerenotinHawaii./hepretendstobeill.heisnotill.)⑥Atendofthediscussionofdeixis,astructurethatisinterpretedwithanon-factivepresupposition.Indeed,thistypeofstructurecreatesacounter-factualpresupposition,meaningthatwhatispresupposedisnotonlytrue,butistheoppositeofwhatistrue,or'contrary'to'facts'.(example,ifyouweremyfriend,youwouldhavehelpedme.youarenotmyfriend.)4.Cooperationandimplicature.Thecooperativeprinciple:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atstageitwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.①Quantity,i.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).b)Doyoumakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.②Quality.Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.a)Donotsaywhatwhatyoubelievetobefalse.b)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.③Relation.Berelevant.④Manner.Beperspicuous.a)Avoidobscurityofexpression.b)Avoidambiguity.c)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).d)Beorderly.Propertiesofconversationalimplicatures1.Conversationalimplicaturesaredeniable.Theycanbeexplicitlydenied(oralternatively,reinforced)indifferentways.2.Implicaturescanbecalculatedbythelistenersviainference.Intermsoftheirdefiningproperties,then,conversationalimplicaturescanbecalculated,suspended,cancelled,andreinforced.SpeechactTheactionperformedbyproducinganutterancewillconsistofthreerelatedacts.1.Locutionaryact,whichisthebasicactofutterance,orproducingameaningfullinguisticexpression,2.Theillocutionaryactisperformedviathecommunicativeforceofanutterance.3.Dependingonthecircumstances,youwillutterontheassumptionthatthehearerwillrecognizetheeffectyouintended.Thisisalsogenerallyknownastheperlocutionaryeffect.PositiveandnegativepolitenessApositivepolitenessatrategyleadstherequestertoappealtoacommongoal,andevenfriendship,viaexpressionssuchasthoseinthefollowingexample(a.howaboutlettingmeuseyourpen?b.hey,buddy,I’dappreciateitifyou’dletmeuseyourpen.)However,inmostEnglish-speakingcontexts,afacesavingactismorecommonlyperformedviaanegativepolitenessstrategy.Forexample(a.couldyoulendmeapen?B.I’msorrytobotheryou,butcanIaskyouforapenorsomething?C.Iknowyouarebusy,butmightIaskyouif-em-ifyouhappentohaveanextrapenthatIcould,youknow-eh-maybeborrow?)三、论述题1.Speechactclassification.①Declarationarethosekindsofspeechactsthatchangetheworldviatheirutterance.(example.Priest:Inowpronounceyourhusbandandwife./Referee:you'reout./JuryForeman:wefindthedefendantguilty.)Inusingadeclaration,th