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Metaphor1.Thedefinitionsofmetaphor（1）Ametaphorisanimpliedsimile.Ametaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichtwodifferentthingsarecomparedwithouttheuseofthewords“as,like,as…as…,asthough,asif,etc.”.（2）Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherstated.—冯翠华.1995.Differencesbetweenmetaphorandsimile•Inasimile,thewordslike,as,as…soareusedtomakethecomparison,asin:–Jimwasascunningasafox.–Theworldislikeastage.•Inametaphor,however,thecomparisonwouldappearsimplyas•(1a)Jimwasafox.•(2a)Theworldisastage.•Ametaphor,then,isinasenseacondensedsimile,differingfromthelatteronlyinformandartistry.Itisahigherform,though,andnotallmetaphorscanberecast(togiveanewshapeto)assimiles.Itrequiresgreaterabilityonthepartofthereadertoperceivethehiddenassociation,theinsightintopersons,thingsorideasthatisimplied.Forwhereasinasimiletheparticularaspectofthepointofresemblancebetweentwounlikeelementsisgiven,inametaphornothingisstated.•Takingthesentence“Jimwasascunningasafox”forexample,wecanseethattheaspectofcunningnessinbothmanandfoxiscompared,butin“Jimwasafox”thisaspectisnotindicated.•Tosummarize,ametaphorshowsacloserrelationbetweenthetenorandthevehicle.Asaresultofitscondensedform(comparedwithasimile),itismoresuitabletoexpressthemorevividimages/feelings.TraditionalMetaphorandConceptualMetaphorThetraditionalviewofmetaphor:onlyregardeditasalinguisticphenomenon,afigureofspeech,toornamentlanguages.•Whereascognitivelinguistsproposethatitbelongsnotonlytothecategoryoflanguage,butalsotothecategoryofthinkingandcognition.Itisregardedasbasicthinking,cognitiveandconceptualizationmodes.•Howdoesitcomeintobeing?•Metaphorization,thatis:structuresareprojectedfromoneconceptualdomain(sourcedomain)ontotheotherone(targetdomain)•Entitiesinthesourcedomainsaregenerallymorefamiliar,moreconcreteandmoretangible;whereasentitiesinthetargetdomainsaremoreunfamiliar,moreabstract.•Thusthemoreabstractentities,processes,ect.canbewellexplainedintermsofmoretangible,moreconcreteentities.Classificationsofmetaphors•1).Centralcases:AisB.•Sheisreallyaduck,hethought.(Galsworthy)•他心里想，她真是一个可爱的人。•Habitisacable,everydayweweaveathread,andsoonwecannotbreakit.•习惯乃绳缆，我们每天编进一根线，很快它就结实不断。•Thepastisthebankinwhichwestoreourmostvaluablepossession—thememoriesthatgivemeaninganddepthtoourlives.•Alltheworldisastage,Andallthemenandwomenaremerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.----Shakespeare,AsYouLikeIt•大千世界是个舞台，•所有男男女女不外是戏子；•各有登场和退场，•一生扮演着那么些角色，•七样年龄分七幕。•2)Extendedcases:•Thereareavarietyoflinguisticformsoftheextendedcases.•Verb-metaphors:a.1.Also,hehadmoneyinhispocket,andasintheolddayswhenapayday,hemadethemoneyfly.•2.Theriversnakeditswaythroughthejungle.那条小河蛇行斗折穿过丛林。•3.Don’tmonkeywiththenewradio.4.Hewolfeddownhissupper.5.TheDuchess(thewifeofaduke)ofCroydonkeptfirm,tightreinonherracingmind.•克罗伊顿公爵夫人牢牢地控制着飞快奔驰的思绪。(把思绪当作奔马来写)b.Hismiserybeggareddescription.c.1.Ihavebeenwrestlingwiththisproblem.2.Heshruggedoffmysuggestion.d.1.Agoodteacherplantstheloveoflearninginstudents.2.Jackwiltedunderthepressure.e1.Hisfollowersmeltedawayatfirstsightofdanger.2.Webubbledoverwithexcitement.3.Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit,andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.•(J.F.Kennedy)•我们从事这一事业的那种精力，信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们。这一火焰发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界。（把精力，信念和献身精神当作火光来描写）4.Thecharmofconversationisthatitdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgoasitmeandersorleapsandsparklesorglows.(H.Fairlie)•谈话的魅力就在于它没有专门话题作为起点，当谈话像流水一样缓慢徜徉或急湍直下，像火焰一样熠熠闪烁，没有人知道它会向什么方向发展。（把谈话当作流水和火焰来写）NounMetaphor(the,etc)+vehicle+of+tenor1.Acarpetofgreengrasscoveredtheslopesofthemountain.2.Shewasanangelofwife.3.Thatisouridiotofguide.4.atyrantofafather5.themountainofawaveHerbruteofahusband她野兽般的丈夫Aboyofagirl男孩子气的女孩子Agirlofaboy女孩子气的男孩子AdjectiveMetaphor•Itisathornyproblem.•Hisspeechtouchedoffastormyprotest.•MetaphorinIdioms1.Nosmokewithoutfire.2.Badnewshaswings.3.abadappleA：Oh,myGod!Whathappened?Whyareyoublackandblue?B：IgotbeatenbyPeter’sbrother.A：That’sabadapple!Let’sthinkupawayandteachhimalesson.•4.adoginthemangerA：Givetheskatestome!B：Youshutup!A：Ifyoudon’tknowhowtoskate,whydon’tyougivetheskatestome?Don’tbeadoginthemanger.5.agaydogA：It’sstrangetheyshouldgetalongsowell!B：That’snothingunusual.A：Youdon’tknowmuchaboutthecouple.Onelikestobealone,buttheotherisabitofagaydog.•6.ahardnut•A：Bobrefusedallhisclassmate’sinvitations.B：Ireallycouldn’tunderstandhim.A：He’ssurelyahardnut,nobodylikesapproachinghim.B：We’dbetteralsoleavehimalone.7.nopains,nogains.8.fatcatA：Where’rethosepopularactressesinourschooltime?B：Getintomarriage.A：Caneveryonefindafatcat?B：Everyonewantsto,butnoteveryonesucceeds.•metaphorsincontexts(语篇)：•Inthisbook,best-sellingsciencewritersHeatherCouperandNigerHenbesttakeyouonavividjourneyofdiscoverythroughthemysteryofthecreationoftheUniverse.TheyfollowtheUniversefromitsinfancyandturbulentyouthtothepresentandthroughtoitsoldage,trillionsandtrillionsofyearsinthefuture.•Al