第44章人工合成抗菌药Chapter44SynthesizedAntibacterialDrugs山西医科大学药理教研室张轩萍人工合成的抗菌药SynthesizedAntibacterialDrugs喹诺酮类quinolones磺胺类sulfonamides甲氧苄啶trimethoprim硝基呋喃类nitrofurans硝咪唑类nitramisolesquinolones1.抗菌谱广2.抗菌力强3.口服吸收好4.组织浓度高5.不良反应较少6.与其他常用抗菌药无交叉耐药性quinolones第一代喹诺酮类萘啶酸nalidixicacid第二代喹诺酮类吡哌酸pipemidicacidfluoroquinolones老三代(1980年代)诺氟沙星norfloxacin氟哌酸环丙沙星ciprofloxacin(环)丙氟哌酸氧氟沙星ofloxacin氟嗪酸奥复星依诺沙星enoxacin氟啶酸培氟沙星pefloxacin甲氟哌酸,培氟沙酸fluoroquinolones新三代(90年代初)三环类左(氧)氟沙星levofloxacin可乐必妥,利复星芦氟沙星rufloxacin8氟类洛美沙星lomefloxacin氟罗沙星fleroxacin多氟沙星,多氟哌酸司氟沙星sparfloxacin司帕沙星fluoroquinolones第四代(1997年后)8甲氧基类加替沙星gatifloxacin莫西沙星moxifloxacin吉米沙星gemifloxacinCommonPropertiesofFluoroquinolones氟喹诺酮类的共性抗菌作用及机制细菌耐药性体内过程临床应用不良反应Fluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialeffects氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌作用抗菌谱antibacterialspectrum1.大多数需氧G-菌2.铜绿假单胞菌3.需氧G+菌4.厌氧菌5.军团菌、衣原体、支原体6.结核杆菌Fluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialeffects氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌作用抗菌作用特点杀菌浓度与抑菌浓度相同或为抑菌浓度的2~4倍具有较长的抗菌后效应(postantibacterialeffect,PAE)Fluoroquinolonesantibacterialmechanisms氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌机制抑制细菌DNA复制Fluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialmechanisms氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌机制Fluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialmechanisms氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌机制ABBADNAgyrase革兰阴性菌TopoisomeraseIV革兰阳性菌CCEETargets正超螺旋革兰阴性菌ABBAABBAABBA切口前链后移正超螺旋封口负超螺旋正超螺旋ABBA革兰阳性菌CCEECCEECCEECCEEFluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialmechanisms氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌机制GravesPR,KwiekJJ,FaddenP,etal.Discoveryofnoveltargetsofquinolonedrugsinthehumanpurinebindingproteome.MolPharmacol,2002;62(6):1364DoughertyTJ,BeaulieuD,BarrettJF.Novelquinolonesandtheimpactonresistance.DrugDiscovToday,2001,6(2):529诱导DNA错误复制诱导产生新的肽聚糖水解酶或自溶酶Fluoroquinolones﹒antibacterialmechanisms氟喹诺酮类﹒抗菌机制抑制细菌DNA复制抑制DNA回旋酶抑制拓扑异构酶IVFluoroquinolones﹒resistance氟喹诺酮类﹒耐药性耐药机制染色体突变靶酶突变特异孔蛋白表达减少外排泵蛋白表达增多Fluoroquinolones﹒Newresistancemechanism氟喹诺酮类﹒新耐药机制PatriceNordmannandLaurentPoirel.Emergenceofplasmid-mediatedresistancetoquinolonesinEnterobac-teriaceae.JournalofAntimicrobialChemotherapy.2005;56:463–469质粒介导耐药性的蔓延properties﹒resistance共性﹒耐药性耐药机制靶酶突变特异孔蛋白表达减少外排泵蛋白表达增多质粒介导耐药性的蔓延Fluoroquinolones﹒pharmacokinetics氟喹诺酮类﹒体内过程吸收absorption分布distribution消除eliminationFluoroquinolones﹒clinicaluses氟喹诺酮类﹒临床应用1.泌尿生殖系统感染:肠杆菌科细菌和铜绿假单胞菌等所致的尿路感染细菌性前列腺炎淋菌性和非淋菌性尿道炎、宫颈炎单纯性下尿路感染Fluoroquinolones﹒clinicaluses氟喹诺酮类﹒临床应用2.呼吸道感染:肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属等G-杆菌所致的下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌和溶血性链球菌所致的急性咽炎和扁桃体炎、中耳炎等肺炎链球菌、支原体、衣原体等所致社区获得性肺炎Fluoroquinolones﹒clinicaluses氟喹诺酮类﹒临床应用3.消化道感染:伤寒沙门菌感染,成人中首选志贺菌属肠道感染霍乱4.腹腔、盆腔及胆道感染:需与甲硝唑等抗厌氧菌药物合用Fluoroquinolones﹒clinicaluses氟喹诺酮类﹒临床应用5.中枢感染(化脓性脑膜炎)6.耐药结核杆菌感染(部分品种可作为二线药,与其他药物联合应用)Fluoroquinolones﹒adversereactions氟喹诺酮类﹒不良反应1.胃肠反应:较常见2.中枢神经系统反应:大量时出现3.过敏反应:皮疹、药热,光敏性皮炎(司氟沙星、氟罗沙星、洛美沙星较常见)Fluoroquinolones﹒adversereactions氟喹诺酮类﹒不良反应4.软骨损害5.其他肝、肾损害心脏毒性眼毒性肌踺炎常用的氟喹诺酮类药物Norfloxacin(诺氟沙星,氟哌酸)Ciprofloxacin(环丙沙星,丙氟哌酸)Ofloxacin(氧氟沙星,奥沙星,泰利必妥,氟嗪酸)Levofloxacin(左氧氟沙星,可乐必妥)Sparfloxacin(司氟沙星,司帕沙星)Gatifloxacin(加替沙星)磺胺类sulfonamidesGerhardDomagk分类及常用药全身应用的磺胺类局部应用的磺胺类全身应用的磺胺类分类半衰期常用药短效2~4h磺胺异噁唑sulfafurazole,SIZ磺胺二甲嘧啶sulfadimidine中效6~12h磺胺嘧啶sulfadiazine,SD磺胺甲噁唑sulfamethoxazole,SMZ长效150~200h磺胺多辛sulfadoxine,SMD局部应用的磺胺类应用常用药肠道感染柳氮磺吡啶sulfasalazine,SASP烧伤/大面积创伤磺胺米隆sulfamylon,SML磺胺嘧啶银sulfadiazinesilver眼科用药磺胺醋酰sulfacetamide,SASulfonamides·antibacterialeffects磺胺类·抗菌作用抗菌谱antibacterialspectrum1.G+、G-球菌2.G-杆菌3.衣原体4.疟原虫5.卡氏肺孢子虫6.弓形虫滋养体但对支原体、立克次体、螺旋体无效,甚至可促进立克次体生长Sulfonamides·antibacterialmechanism磺胺类·抗菌机制干扰细菌叶酸代谢抑制二氢蝶酸合酶(二氢叶酸合成酶)Sulfonamides·antibacterialmechanism磺胺类·抗菌机制细菌的叶酸代谢pteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidespteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidesglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamides二氢蝶酸合酶二氢叶酸还原酶Sulfonamides·antibacterialmechanism磺胺类·抗菌机制Sulfonamides·antibacterialmechanism磺胺类·抗菌机制pteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidespteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidesglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamides二氢蝶酸合酶二氢叶酸还原酶sulfonamidesSulfonamides·resistance磺胺类·耐药性耐药机制:靶位/靶酶的突变药物渗入较少代谢发生改变产生大量PABA对抗药物直接利用外源性叶酸Sulfonamides·clinicaluses磺胺类·临床应用敏感菌的轻、中度感染流行性脑脊髓膜炎(SD)泌尿系统感染(SIZ/SMZ)消化道感染(SD/SMZ)呼吸系统感染:轻度的扁桃体炎,咽炎(SMZ/SD)Sulfonamides·adversereactions磺胺类·不良反应常见:中枢神经系统反应胃肠反应过敏反应Sulfonamides·adversereactions磺胺类·不良反应少见但严重:泌尿系损害:SD较明显,其次SMZ预防措施:碱化尿液,合用等量NaHCO3多饮水,使尿量≥1.5L/24h服药超过1周者,应定期检查尿常规Sulfonamides·adversereactions磺胺类·不良反应少见但严重:血液、造血系统损害肝损害核黄疸新生儿、早产儿其他人工合成抗菌药甲氧苄啶trimethoprim,TMP硝基呋喃类nitrofurans硝咪唑类nitramisoles甲氧苄啶(甲氧苄胺嘧啶trimethoprim,TMP)pteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidespteridine+PABAtetrahydrofolicacidglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNADPHNADPdihydrofolicaciddihydrofpteroicacidblockbysulfonamidesglutaminateblockbytrimethoprimNAD