TheDifferencebetweenPathLossPredictionandLocalMeanPrediction•Generationofpathlosscurve:Pathlosspredictionisanaveragingprocessbasedonpathlossoverradiopath.Sincethemobilestationismovingalongamobilepath(aroad),togenerateapredictivecurveforpathloss,weneedtocollectmanydatapointsfromthedifferentmobilepathsandplotthedatapointscorrespondingtotheradio-pathdistancefromthebasestation.Fromtheplot,wecanaveragemanydatapointsatthesameradiopathdistancex1toobtainanaveragevalueatx1.Actually,theaverageprocessforgeneratingapathlosscurveisbasedonabestfitofallthepointsalongthex-axisoftheradiopath.However,theeyeball-fitcurvesarenormallyused.InFig.16.2,weshowthattheeyeball-fitcurvesareinsensitivetomeasureddata.Thefourdata-fittingcurvesallrepresentthedatawell.ThisisthereasonthattheOkumara-Hatapathlossformulacangenerallyrepresentthedatafairlywell.Besides,itiseasytouse.人造建筑物的影响.地物(或地区)分类不同地物环境其传播条件不同,按照地物的密集程度不同可分为三类地区:①开阔地。在电波传播的路径上无高大树木、建筑物等障碍物,呈开阔状地面,如农田、荒野、广场、沙漠和戈壁滩等。②郊区。在靠近移动台近处有些障碍物但不稠密,例如,有少量的低层房屋或小树林等。③市区。有较密集的建筑物和高层楼房。自然,上述三种地区之间都有过渡区,但在了解以上三类地区的传播情况之后,对过渡区的传播情况就可以大致地作出估计。中等起伏地形上传播损耗的中值1.市区传播损耗的中值在计算各种地形、地物上的传播损耗时,均以中等起伏地上市区的损耗中值或场强中值作为基准,因而把它称作基准中值或基本中值。由电波传播理论可知,传播损耗取决于传播距离d、工作频率f、基站天线高度hb和移动台天线高度hm等。在大量实验、统计分析的基础上,可作出传播损耗基本中值的预测曲线。图3-23给出了典型中等起伏地上市区的基本中值Am(f,d)与频率、距离的关系曲线。7060d/km50403020101002003005007001000200030001009080706050403020105321d/km1009080706050403020105321频率/MHz市区hb=200mhm=3m基本损耗中值Am(f,d)/dB图3-23中等起伏地上市区基本损耗中值20001000700400200100100200400~10001075321-505101520市区移动台天线高度增益因子Hm(hm,f)/dB移动台天线高度hm/m中等城市>400MHz<200MHz(MHz)市区hb=200m基站天线高度增益因子Hb(hb,d)/dB-3040201053110080705060203050701002003005007001000基站天线有效高度hb/m-20-100102030d/km70~1006040201~10d/km(a)大城市(b)图3-24天线高度增益因子(a)基站Hb(hb,d);(b)移动台Hm(hm,f)100705030201075-8-6-4-202468距离d/km纵向线路修正值Kal/dB横向线路修正值Kac/dB(b)Kac(a)Kal(a)为纵向路线Kal;(b)为横向路线Kac•图3-25街道走向修正曲线2.郊区和开阔地损耗的中值郊区的建筑物一般是分散、低矮的,故电波传播条件优于市区。郊区场强中值与基准场强中值之差称为郊区修正因子,记作Kmr,它与频率和距离的关系如图3-26所示。由图可知,郊区场强中值大于市区场强中值。或者说,郊区的传播损耗中值比市区传播损耗中值要小Qo:开阔地Qr:准开阔地353025201510020030050070010002000频率f/MHz开阔地修正因子Qo/dB准开阔地修正因子Qr/dBQrQo图3-27开阔地、准开阔地修正因子