2013 China International Shale Gas Summit - LPG F

1LPGFracturingTechnologyTimO’Rourke2ndChinaInternationalShaleGasSummit2013SeptemberAgendaTechnicalBenefitsofLPGFracturingSafetyCaseHistoriesEnvironmentalBenefitsofLPGFracturingExperienceCurrentandFutureDevelopmentsQ&A2AdvantageofLPGFracturingEnhancedWellProductivity&PerformanceHigherFlowRatesHigherRecoveriesLessFracStages,JobVolume,&WellsRequiredNoWaterUsedNoWasteStreamsCreatedLessTruckTraffictoLocation–OneWayHaulingQuickerCleanupw/NegligibleFlaringRecyclable–upto100%oftheFracFluidisRecoveredCanBeSoldorUsedontheNextJobSuperiorProjectROR’s,ROI’s,andNPV’s3Cross-LinkedLPGLPGcanbeHandledasaLiquidontheSurfaceEasilyX-LinkedtoCreateDesiredFracGeometryandAchieveIdealProppantTransportSimilarRheologyPropertiesasaVisco-ElasticFluidAchievableand“Adjustable”BreakTimes(.5to4hrs)IndustryLPGStandardsEnsuresFluidConsistencyAftertheJob,it’saDisappearing/SelfEnergizing→~100%FluidRecoveryLPGissolublew/naturalgas1stcontactmisciblew/crudeoilVerylowviscosity,surfacetension,&density½ofwaterEverythingProducedcanbeSoldNoVenting/FlaringCO2Sustainable,Recyclable,andEnvironmentalNoWaterUse,Disposal,orHaulingLocationisCompletelyDryaftertheCrewDepartsReadilyAvailableandWidelyUsedbythePublicNumerousGovernmentalandIndustryRegulationsandProceduresEnsureSafeLPGOperations4PhotocourtesyofStaceyWalker–ChevronEnergyTechnologyCompanyComparisonofLPGPropertiesw/CommonFracFluidsTodayLiquidPetroleumGas(LPG)PropaneViscosity=0.08cps(@105F)SpecificGravity=0.51SurfaceTension=7.6dynes/cmButaneViscosity=0.14cps(@105F)SpecificGravity=0.58SurfaceTension=12.4dynes/cm5FracFluidsUsedTodayWaterViscosity=.66cps(@105F)SpecificGravity=1.02SurfaceTension=72dynes/cmFracOilsViscosity=3cps(@105F)SpecificGravity=0.82SurfaceTension=21.8dynes/cmLPGPhysicalProperties-ViscosityFluidViscosity(cP)105FLiquidPropane0.08LiquidButane0.14Methanol0.40Water0.66FracOil3.06WhyViscosityisImportant?LPGPhysicalProperties-SurfaceTensionFluidSurfaceTensiondyn/cmat70FLiquidPropane7.6LiquidButane12.4Methanol22.7FracOils21.8Water72.870.11101001000100001000000.0010.010.11CapillaryThresholdPressure(psi)PoreDiameter(microns)FluidsCapillaryThresholdPressure0.0001mD0.001mD0.01mD0.1mD1mDGas-Oil@22dyne/cmGas-Water@72dyne/cmGas-Propane(Liquid)@7.6dyne/cmLPGPhysicalProperties–WhySurfaceTensionisImportant80.005mD(~0.01microns)Cap.PressureWater2,000psiCap.PressurePropane200psiFluid1(0.00033mD,0.00070mD,0.00054mD)60%CO2/40%of(20%methanol/80%3%KClwater)Gellant,foamer,oxidizingbreakerFluid2(0.00050mD)95%N2/5%of(20%methanol/80%3%KClwater)Gellant,foamer,oxidizingbreakerFluid3(0.00080mD)50%C7-C11hydrocarbonblend/50%CO2-Oilgellant,breakerFluid4(0.00087mD)WaterMicellarsurfactantFluid5(0.00086mD)80%CO2/20%of(20%methanol/80%3%KClwater)-Gellant,foamer,oxidizingbreakerFluid6(0.00053mD)LPG-Gellant,breakerFluid7(0.00002mD)60%CO2/40%3%KClwater-Gellant,foamer,oxidizingbreakerFluid8(0.00011mD,0.00012mD)80%CO2/20%3%KClwater-Gellant,foamer,oxidizingbreakerFluid9(0.00016mD)3%KClWater-Micellarsurfactant,frictionreducer,breakerFluid10(0.00036mD)60%CO2/40%3%KClwater-Biopolymergellant,foamer,breakerFluid11(0.00006mD)80%N2/20%3%KClwater-Biopolymergellant,foamer,breakerFluid12(0.00066)2.5%HClacid-Corrosioninhibitor,Micellarsurfactant,non-emulsifier,mutualsolventLPGApplicationTechnology1a23457891011121b8a161a1b72Hourshut-in6hourshut-inRepeattest8aLPG–493psi(3.4MPa)drawdownprovides99.9%regainedpermeabilityMontneyFracturing-FluidConsiderationsPetroleumSociety–CanadianInstituteofMiningMetallurgyandPetroleumPaper2009-1549ReducedDensityofLiquidLPGFluidSpecificGravityWater1.040%MethanolWater0.95FracOils0.82Methanol0.79Butane0.58Propane0.51LPGDensity:LPGisnearlyhalfthedensityofwaterandgeneratesgasatapproximately272m3gas/m3ofliquidLPGhydrostaticgradientat5.1kPa/mgreatlyassistsposttreatmentcleanupbyallowinggreaterdrawdownwithapproximatelyhalfthehydrostaticofwater–ANaturallyUnderbalancedFluidReducedDensityReducesReynoldsNumberReducesTubularFrictionEquivalentSurfaceInjectionPressure10ImpactofEffectiveFractureLengthWellParameters•Thickness14’•Porosity10%•Sw20%•Permeability.1md•Pressure1133psi•PropaneCreatedFracLength&EffectiveFracLength275’•WithWaterEffectiveLength=70’(25%)ProductionImpactofaLongerEffectiveFracLength-70’(25%)vs275’(100%)•After1YearofProduction–30vs60MMCF•After3YearsofProduction–70vs130MMCF•After5YearsofProduction–110vs190MMCF•Additional~2¾YearsNeededtoProducetheSameVolumeofGaswiththeShorterEffectiveFracLengthExampleAdaptedfromSPE124495,Tudoret.al.,“100%GelledLPGFracturingProcess:AnAlternativetoWater-BasedFracturingTechniques”11LPGPhysicalProperties–ImpactofSolubilityAt180F(82C),OnlyRequires20%MethaneMixingtoReach100%Vapor1213100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%0.11101001000FracLoadFluidRecoveryImpactofLPG’sLowViscosity,LowerSurfaceTension,Solubility/Miscibility,LowerDensity(HigherDrawdowns)LeadingtoHigher%andQuickerLoadRecovery%OFLOADFLUIDPRODUCINGDAYSSource:DonLeblanc,EastexPetroleumConsultantsInc.WATERLPGLPG–400APIOilMixPhaseBehavior400APILiveOil*50%400APILiveOil50%Propan