基于恒流驱动的LED显示屏设计

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1基于恒流驱动的LED显示屏设计年级专业:09电子应用电子学生姓名:李巧林学号:38项目组:第五组2011年10月18日2摘要本设计使用AT89C52芯片作为主控制模块,利用简单的外围电路来驱动16*16点阵LED显示屏。设计分为三个模块:单片机控制模块.输出显示模块,译码器74LS138与三极管驱动的驱动模块。单片机控制模块以单片机为核心,以软件KEIL编程实现信号输出,以驱动16*16LED点阵显示块为目的。另一方面显示屏广泛的应用于医院、火车站、银行等公共场所,因此本设计有很强的现实实用性。研究了基于AT89C52单片机16×16LED汉字滚动显示屏的设计与运用Proteus软件的仿真实现。主要介绍了LED汉字显示屏的硬件电路、汇编程序设计与调试、Proteus软件仿真等方面的内容,本显示屏的设计具有体积小、硬件少、电路结构简单及容易实现等优点。能帮助广大电子爱好者了解汉字的点阵显示原理,认识单片机的基本结构、工作原理及应用方法,并提高单片机知识技术的运用能力。3目录第一章绪论1.1单片机的应用·······················································································41.2LED简介·····························································································41.3电子显示屏··························································································4第二章系统整体方案·····················································································52.1需要实现的功能····················································································72.2系统软件的设计····················································································7第三章系统硬件电路的设计··········································································83.1单片机系统及外围电路···········································································83.1.1单片机的选择···············································································83.1.2AT89C52芯片介绍·········································································83.1.3单片机系统外围电路······································································93.1.4元器件选择...............................................................103.3驱动电路····························································································113.3.174LS138芯片简介·········································································113.3.2驱动电路的构成···········································································113.416*16LED显示屏电路和原理···································································13第四章系统程序的设计·················································································134.1显示驱动电路······················································································134.2系统主程序·························································································14第五章调试及性能分析·················································································175.1软件调试····························································································175.2性能分析····························································································19参考文献········································································································19第一章绪论1.1单片机的应用单片机是生活必不可缺的,顾名思义单片机的应用是很广泛的,导弹的导航装置、飞机上各种仪表的控制、计算机的网络通讯和数据传输、工业自动化过程和实时控制数据处理、广泛使用的智能IC卡、民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统、录像机和摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制、以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等。单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域。41.2LED简介LED俗称发光二极管,它包含了可见光和不可见光,属于光电半导体的一类,在结构上包括P极和N极,是一种依靠半导体PN结发光的光电元件。LED就是由电子材料,封装材料,辅助材料联结而成的的一个发光的闭路电子元件。它可以直接把电转换成光,LED的心脏是一个半导体的晶片,晶片的一端附在一个支架上,一端是负极,另一端连电源的正极,使整个芯片被环氧树脂封起来。LED的内在特征决定了它是最理想的光源去代替传统的光源,它有着广泛的用途。体积小,LED基本上是一块很小的芯片被封装在环氧树脂里面,所以它非常的小非常的轻;耗电量低,LED耗电量非常低,一般来说LED的工作电压是2-3.6V,工作电流是0.02-0.03A,这就是说它消耗的电量不超过0.1W;使用寿命长,在恰当的电流和电压下,LED的使用寿命可达10万小时;高亮度、低热量;环保,LED是由无毒的材料做成,不像荧光灯含水银会造成污染,同时LED也可以回收再利用;坚固耐用,LED是被完全的封装在环氧树脂里面,它比灯泡和荧光灯管还要坚固,等体内也没有松动的部分,这些特点使得LED可以说是不易损坏的。LED显示屏:它是一种通过控制半导体发光二极管的显示方式,其大概的样子就是由很多个通常是红色的小灯组成,靠灯的亮灭来显示字符。用来显示文字、图形、图像、动画、行情、视频、录像信号等各种信息的显示屏幕。点阵模块方案:最早的设计方案,由室内伪彩点阵屏发展而来优势:原材料成本最有优势,且生产加工工艺简单,质量稳定。缺点:色彩一致性差,马赛克现象较严重,显示效果较差。led显示屏市场前景现状:目前由于led显示屏造价昂贵,主要用于比较高档的场所,主要集中在城市的繁华场所,作为多媒体广告的一部分。单双色led显示屏主要应用于交通,高速公路,银行、证券交易等金融场所。以后:随着人们生活水平的提高,户外led显示屏将逐渐应用于各个行业。1.3电子显示屏随着现代光电技术、微电子技术及计算机技术的飞速发展和普及,LED显示屏已遍及社会的各个领域。简单的讲,显示屏就是由若干个可组合拼接的显示单元构成屏体,再加上一套适当的控制器。所以多种规格的显示板配合不同技术的控制器就可以组成许多种LED显示屏,以满足不同环境,不同显示要求的需要。LED显示屏是由几万到几十万个半导体发光二极管像素点均匀排列组成。利用不同的材料可以制造不同色彩的LED像素点。目前应用最广的是红色、绿色、黄色。而蓝色和纯绿色LED的开发已经达到了实用阶段。LED显示屏可以显示变化的数字、文字、图形图像;不仅可以用于室内环境还可以用于室外环境,具有投影仪、电视墙、液晶显示屏无法比拟的优点。LED显示屏的分类:按颜色可以分为单基色显示屏、双基色显示屏、全基色显示屏;按显示器分类LED数码显示屏、LED点阵图文显示屏;按实用场合分类有室内显示屏和室外显示屏。仔细分解一个LED显示屏,它有以下一些要素构成:金属结构框架、显示单元、扫描控制板、开关电源、双绞线传输电缆、主控制仪、专用显示卡及多媒体卡、电脑及其外设、其它信息源。5第二章系统整体方案2.1需要实现的功能用移动显示屏来显示汉字,通过单片机AT89C52的行扫描和74LS138芯片的列扫描使点阵显示屏移动显示“湘潭欢迎你”的字幕。当中还要实现的功能:5V的电压输入,时钟电路的设置,复位电路的设置,单片机给74LS138芯片的E1高电平同时给E2和E3低电平,74LS138才能正常的工作,点阵模块:此点阵模块由四个8*8点阵组成,图2.1.1为8×8点阵LED外观及引脚图,只要其对应的X、Y轴顺向偏压,即可使LED发亮。例如如果想使左上角LED点亮,则Y0=1,X0=0即可。应用时限流电阻可以放在X轴或Y轴。8*8LED点阵等效电路如图2.1.2所示图2.1.16图2.1.28X8点阵LED工作原理说明:8X8点阵共需要64个发光二极管组成,且每个发光二极管是放置在行线和列线的交叉点上,当对应的某一列置1电平,某一行置0电平,则相应的二极管就亮;因此要实现一根柱形的亮法,对应的一列为一根竖柱,或者对应的一行为一根横柱,因此实现柱的亮的方法如下所述:一根竖柱:对应的列置1,而行则采用扫描的方法来实现。一根横柱:对应的行置0,而列则采用扫描的方法来实现。需要实现的功能如下图流程图图2.1.3所示:7图2.1.3本电路使用AT89C52实现行驱动,对显示模块从上至下的扫描,用74LS138和三极管实现列驱动,对显示模块从左至右的扫描,然后显示字符。在中规模集成电路中译码器有几种型号,使用最广的通常是74ls138译码器,74ls138译码器的输出是低电平有效,故实现逻辑功能时,输出端不可接或门及或非门(因为每次仅一个为低电平,其余皆为高电平);74ls138译码器有使能端,故使能端必须加以处理,否则无法实现需要的逻辑功能。在片选使用状态下输入中8线始终只有1线为0,此74ls138芯片在单片机系统中极大限度的起到了扩展IO资源的作用,只要用单片机的2个IO引脚资源就能控制8个输出,而且程序的编制也容易实现。2.2系统软件的设计软件程序是整个控制系统的核心部分。显示部分采用动态扫描的方式,实现对显示屏要显示的汉字、图像、字符等数据信息进行传输控制以及显示等功能。程序中将数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