美军在非洲与中东的军事存在及当地民众的反应USBasesMEAfrica

TheroleofUSmilitarybasesinaggressionandinterventioninAfricaandtheMiddlesEastandthepeople’sresponseWimDeCeukelaireUSbasesinMEandAfrica1)MiddleEast:Basesasthecontinuationofwar2)Africa:NewambitionsObjectivesMilitaryButalsoEconomicPoliticalAfterthewar...ZoltanGrossman:“Warsarebeingwagedinordertostationbases.Pentagondocumentsconsiderwhatisleftbehindafterthewarasmoreimportantthanhewaritself.”AfterWorldWarIINewbasessince19901.GulfWar2.Somalia/Yemenconflicts3.Ex-Yugoslavwars4.AfghanWar5.IraqWarGulfWarIbasesclusterSomaliaWar,1992-93YugoslavWarsbasesclusterAfghanWarbasesclusterCaspianBasinoilandgaspipelines1996Unocal(Karzai,Khalilzad)plansforrouteacrossAfghanistanNewU.S.militarybaseclusters1.GulfWar,19912.YugoslavWars,1995-993.AfghanWar,20014.IraqWar,2003“Theirfunctionmaybemorepoliticalthanmilitary.Theysendamessagetoeveryone.”--DeputyDefenseSecretaryPaulWolfowitz,NYT2002CampAnaconda30,000troops10,000contractors16squaremiles+12squaremilesecurityperimeterStreets,powersupply,...BahrainNavalSupportActivityBahrainUSNavalForcesCenComUSfifthfleetSyriaandIran...AfricaStiffcompetitionCompetitionDuringaconferenceon'TheEvolutionofAfricanMilitaries,'inFebruary2009,co-hostedbyUSAfricaCommandandtheUSDepartmentofState,ProfessorDavidH.Shinn,adjunctprofessorforGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,observed:“ChinaisprojectedtopasstheUnitedStatesby2010asAfrica'slargesttradingpartner.Ithasdiplomaticrelationswithforty-nineofAfrica'sfifty-threecountries(fourcountriesstillrecognizeTaiwan)andhasanembassyinallforty-ninecountriesexceptSomalia.(...)Theplayingfieldismuchmorecrowdedthanitwasjusttenyearsago.ThisgivestheAfricansmoreoptions,butitalsocomplicatesthenatureofAfrica'sinteractionwithoutsideinterests.”AnticipateprotestAFRICOMcommanderGeneralCarterF.HamtoldtheUSSenateArmedServicesCommitteelastApril7:“AnAfricathatcangenerateandsustainbroadbasedeconomicdevelopmentwillcontributetoglobalgrowth,whichisalong-standingAmericaninterest.However,povertyinmanypartsofAfricacontributestoaninsidiouscycleofinstability,conflict,environmentaldegradation,anddiseasethaterodesconfidenceinnationalinstitutionsandgoverningcapacity.ThisinturnoftencreatestheconditionsfortheemergenceofawiderangeoftransnationalsecuritythreatsthatcanthreatentheAmericanhomelandandourregionalinterests.”2008:AfricomLibya