09中考语法复习第二篇句法一、主要句式(一)知识概要肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种:①主语+不及物动词。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.②主语+及物动词+宾语,如:IboughtagoodEnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.④主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主语+系动词+表语,如:TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常见的句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某种事物,如:Thereisamaponthewallbe动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点:①用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty.asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞的演员。而asingerandadancer则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以s结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如:Thenewsisgood(news为不可数名词)。③有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如:ThispairofglassesisgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形单却意为复数的名词,如:Peoplearecominghere这样的词还有Police,如果要讲一个警察时,应讲apoliceman。两个警察为twopolicemen。又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤所有不定代词each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something…要作为单数如:Someoneiswaitingforyou句中表示联合关系的连词有:andnotonly…butalso,neither…nor,either…or如:Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn'tpassthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示选择关系的连词有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表示因果关系的并列连词有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。①在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:Iknewtheman,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman这时宾语从句的连接词有that,(that只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有ornot结构时,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunchIaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid(what作said的宾语)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在宾语从句中作主语)。④who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤whose如:Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?⑥which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?4个常用的连接副词,①how它的应用最广,如:howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?②when它只是连接时间状语,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③where它连接地点状语,如:Whereareyoufrom?④why它要连接的是原因状语从句,如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn'tcometoschool.态与主句时态的呼应问题。①主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,如:Iknowhedidn'tcome.我知道他没来。Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天来。IknowhehasgonetoLondon我知道他已去伦敦了。②主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如:IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,byuntil(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如:Istudiedharduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercamebacksince,for,by,before来引导的时间状语从句。since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:IhavestudiedEnglishsince而由by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before则多用于完成时,ago则多用于一般过去时,如:HehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如:Ifitrains,theywon'tgototheparkonSunday也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如:Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrowbecause,应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强,如:Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard②since应译为既然,如:SinceyouwereillyesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk③as应译为由于,如:Asitistoohotwe'dbettergoswimmingsince与as所表达的因果关系远比because弱得多。而for表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollegeas…as,如:Thisbookisasgoodasthatone要注意的有两点:①as…as中间要用原级而不是比较级。②用形容词还是副词,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom而其否定句为notas(so)…as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型:①比较级+and+比较级,如:ThedaysaregettinglongerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful②定冠词the+比较级+the+比较级,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn状语中要注意的是as(连词)与like(介词)的区别。as作为连词其后接从句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit但后面的句子常作省略,如:PleasedoitasI而like是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如:Pleasedoitlikeme主要有so…that,sothat,inorderthat等几种用法。①so…that单数可数名词前,so+形容词+a+名词+that,如:Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容词+名词+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher②在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.③在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan'tbuyit④so…that之间只有形容词时,则不能用such,如:ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤sothat其后接从句,如:IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus(二)正误辨析[误]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数,要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份,如:book作了of[误]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou[析]不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。[误]Whathesaidareright[正]Whathesaidisright[析]从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy[误]Thericharenotalwayshappy[析]形容词+定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如:Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports[误]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming[正]Thesch