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英文论文写作谈技巧论文写作中常出现的语法问题1.主语和谓语的单数和复数要一致英语中名词有它的单数和复数形式，动词也有它的单数和复数形式,二者要一致.单数主语(subject)名词要用动词(verb)的单数(singular)形式,复数主语名词要用动词的复数(plural)形式.我们写中文的不太习惯英语的这种写法,很难做到不假思索地配对,需要特别留心才能不出错误，特别是当主语名词和动词被分开时.试看下面的例句.Ahighpercentageofpeptidesthataremadeofaminoacidsarepresentinthesample.Ahighpercentage才是真正的主语，而不是邻近的aminoacids,所以应该用单数形式.宜改为:Ahighpercentageofpeptidesthataremadeofaminoacidsispresentinthesample.让事情更复杂的是英语名词被分为不同的种类，其中的一类叫集合名词.它既可以当单数用词也可以当复数用.集合名词当整体来讲时是单数，每个成员作为个体时用复数.Thenumberofmiceintheexperimentwasincreased.Anumberofmicehavedied.Allofthesampleswereanalyzed.Allofthesafetyprocedureswasstrictlyfollowed.代词none既可以是单数也可以是复数.当none后面的词是单数时,用单数动词.当none后面的词是复数时，用复数动词.Noneoftheinformationwasuseful.Noneoftheanimalswerestarved.描写数量，重量，体积，时间等的词用单数，但如果是分次添加或减少时用复数.在这个意义上同集合名词类似.1.5mlwasadded.10gwasadded.6hourswastherequiredincubationtime.5gwereaddedstepwise.简写的数量单位，如mg,ml,s等，单数和复数的写法是一样的,如1mg,5mg.一些词如series,type,portion,class,要用单数形式.Aseriesofderivativesofpenicillinwasprepared.Alargeportionofthereportsisfocusedonhowtodealwiththeincreasedcost.Data,criteria,phenomena,media是复数形式，他们的单数形式分别是datum,criterion,phenomenon,medium.2、修饰语同主语名词关系上要一致当用1)动名词(gerund)，2)分词短句(participle)，3)不定式短句(infinitive)作修饰语时，修饰语中的动词要同主句中的主语名词关系上要一致.科技杂志论文中有这种语法错误的情况较多.严格来讲这只是种语法错误，一般不影响对句子的内容的理解，所以很多作者不太注意.编辑和阅稿人有时也没有严格要求改正.比如下面就是Nature杂志2006年第439卷中的一个例子.UsingtheenhancerGAL4/UASexpressionsystem,short-termmemorytracesofaversiveandappetitiveolfactoryconditioninghavebeenassignedtooutputsynapsesofsubsetsofintrinsicneuronsofthemushroombodies.1)动名词Afterfinishingthepurification,theactivityoftheisolatedcompoundwasthenstudied.WeorI是动名词finishing形式上的主语，同主句的主语activity不一致.宜改为:Afterpurificationwasfinished,theactivityoftheisolatedcompoundwasthenstudied.或:Afterfinishingthepurification,westudiedtheactivityoftheisolatedcompound.Treatedwiththenewdrug,thebloodcholesterollevelsofparticipantswereloweredbyanaverageof30%.宜改为:Treatedwiththenewdrug,participantsshowedanaverageof30%decreaseintheirbloodcholesterollevels.2)分词短句TheironconcentrationwasdeterminedusingtheFentonreactionmethod.Theironconcentration同usingtheFentonreactionmethod关系上不一致.宜改为:TheironconcentrationwasdeterminedbytheFentonreactionmethod.或:WedeterminedtheironconcentrationusingtheFentonreactionmethod.Whenmeasuringtheatmosphericlevelofcarbondioxide,airsamplesfromaremoteplace,suchasanisland,ispreferred.宜改为:Whentheatmosphericlevelofcarbondioxideismeasured,airsamplesfromaremoteplace,suchasanisland,ispreferred.3)不定式短句Tofurtherinvestigatethepotentialroleofbikingincausinginfertility,anexpandedpopulationofbikingathleteswassurveyed.不定式短语的形式主语是weorI，同主句主语population不一致.宜改为:Tofurtherinvestigatethepotentialroleofbikingincausinginfertility,wesurveyedanexpandedpopulationofbikingathletes.Toconfirmthediagnosis,bloodtestwasordered.宜改为:Toconfirmthediagnosis,thedoctororderedbloodtest.3.主语和主语的行动(谓语)在逻辑上要一致由于一些中文和英文的表达方式不同，把中文直接翻译成相应的英文会不讲.一个经常被引用的语句是“priceischeap”.中文可以说价格便宜,但英文只能说价格高或低.物品可以说cheaporexpensive.用中文的表达方式来写英文,会出现主语和主语的行动在逻辑上不一致.在写一个句子时要注意行动的真正主语名词是什么.下面是一些例子.Thehighestantibioticproductionwasobtainedat48h.不是production而是productionyield.宜改为:Thehighestantibioticproductionyieldwasobtainedat48h.ThescavengingactivityforhydroxylradicalswasbasedonFentonreaction.不是activity而是assayofactivity宜改为:TheassayofscavengingactivityforhydroxylradicalswasbasedonFentonreaction.Thepharmacologicalcompoundsofginsengwereidentified.药物活性化合物应该是pharmacologicallyactivecompounds.宜改为:Thepharmacologicallyactivecompoundsofginsengwereidentified.4、代名词和其代理的先行词要一致代名词和其代理的先行词要在人称,单数或复数,和性别上一致.一些常见的代词是:he,his(阳性单数);she,her(阴性单数);it,its(单数);they,their,these,those(复数);that,this(单数).比如下面的例句中,compounds和their一致,protein和it一致.Manyrelatedcompoundsweresynthesizedandtheirantivirusactivitieswerestudied.Growthhormoneisaprotein.Itpromoteshumanbodygrowth.下面的例句中,the应该用their取代.ThepotentialantioxidantcapacityofcompoundAandcompoundBcouldbededucedfromtheprotectiveeffectsagainstoxidativestresses.宜改为:ThepotentialantioxidantcapacityofcompoundAandcompoundBcouldbededucedfromtheirprotectiveeffectsagainstoxidativestresses.用代名词时除了要保持一致外,还要避免代理不清的情况出现,以免不清楚它们到底指什么而引起误解．Thecrudesamplewasdissolvedinwaterandextractedwithorganicsolvent.Itwasthenevaporatedtoyieldtheproduct.It指organiclayer还是指waterlayer?不明确，最好不用it.宜改为：Thecrudesamplewasdissolvedinwaterandextractedwithorganicsolvent.Theorganiclayerwasthenevaporatedtoyieldtheproduct.Duringmealhormonesarereleasedafterwhichbloodflowincreasesinthestomach.Which既可以代表meal也可以代表hormones,容易产生误解.宜改为：Duringmealhormonesarereleased.Aftertheirreleasestomachbloodflowincreases.5、位置的强调作用在英语写作中，若要强调某件事情，就把它放在句子的前面.中文写作中,有关句子的条件,时间等的修饰句都是放在前面，而主句总是放在后面.而英文中即可以把条件或修饰句放在前面，也可以放在后面.放在前面就表示你要强调修饰句的条件.比如:Beforethehurricanearrived,mostofthepeoplehavemovedout.Mostofthepeoplehavemovedoutbeforethehurricanearrived.在英语中两种位置关系都可以.前者强调在hurricane来之前，后者强调movedout.而在中文中，只有一种说法，反过来说”大多数人都离开了在hurricane来之前”就不对了.按中文的位置关系直译成英文,往往会不确切.同样按英文的位置关系直译成中文也是怪怪的.我上小学的孩子回家来喊“我要吃冰激凌今天,我没吃好长时间了”,就是英文“Iwanticecreamtoday.Ihavenoteatenitforalongtime.”的直接翻译.科技写作中，一般还是把主句先写出来，除非你想强调修饰的是条件．Throughscavengingf